fission

摘要： Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system is an energy-intensive process.In contrast to mammals,adult zebrafish can functionally recover from neuronal injury.This raises the question of how zebrafish can cope with this high energy demand.We previously showed that in adult zebrafish,subjected to an optic nerve crush,an antagonistic axon-dendrite interplay exists wherein the retraction of retinal ganglion cell dendrites is a prerequisite for effective axonal repair.We postulate a‘dendrites for regeneration’paradigm that might be linked to intraneuronal mitochondrial reshuffling,as ganglion cells likely have insufficient resources to maintain dendrites and restore axons simultaneously.Here,we characterized both mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial dynamics within the different ganglion cell compartments(dendrites,somas,and axons)during the regenerative process.Optic nerve crush resulted in a reduction of mitochondria in the dendrites during dendritic retraction,whereafter enlarged mitochondria appeared in the optic nerve/tract during axonal regrowth.Upon dendritic regrowth in the retina,mitochondrial density inside the retinal dendrites returned to baseline levels.Moreover,a transient increase in mitochondrial fission and biogenesis was observed in retinal ganglion cell somas after optic nerve damage.Taken together,these findings suggest that during optic nerve injury-induced regeneration,mitochondria shift from the dendrites to the axons and back again and that temporary changes in mitochondrial dynamics support axonal and dendritic regrowth after optic nerve crush.

摘要： In the past decade or so,AI(artificial intelligence)technology has been growing with such a mesmerizing speed that today its presence in almost any industry that deals with any huge sheer volume of data is taking advantage of AI by integrating it into their day-to-day operation.Meanwhile,seven billion people worldwide shape the world’s energy system and directly impact the fundamental drivers of energy,both renewable and non-renewable sources,to meet the demand for electricity from them.These energy sources can be reached from nature such as solar,wind,etc.,and human-made such as NPPs(nuclear power plants)in the form of either fission as an old technology since the Manhattan project and in the near future as fusion in the form of magnetic or inertial confinements.Meanwhile,AI controlling nuclear reactors are about to happen.The basic idea is to apply AI with its two subset components as ML(machine learning),and DL(deep learning)techniques to go through the mountains of data that come from a reactor,spot patterns in it,and calling them to the unit’s human attention operators is not invadable either.Designers of such nuclear reactors will combine simulation and real-world data,comparing scenarios from each to develop“confidence[in]what they can predict and what is the range of uncertainty of their prediction”.Adding that,in the end,the operator will make the final decisions in order to keep these power plants safe while they are in operation and how to secure them against cyber-attack natural or human-made disasters.In this short communication article,we would like to see how we can prove some of these concepts;then a NPP manufacturer can pick it up and use it in their designs of a new generation of these reactors.

摘要： BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia reperfusion(I/R)occurs in various diseases,such as trauma and intestinal transplantation.Excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)accumulation and subsequent apoptotic cell death in intestinal epithelia are important causes of I/R injury.PTEN-induced putative kinase 1(PINK1)and phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1(DRP1)are critical regulators of ROS and apoptosis.However,the correlation of PINK1 and DRP1 and their function in intestinal I/R injury have not been investigated.Thus,examining the PINK1/DRP1 pathway may help to identify a protective strategy and improve the patient prognosis.AIM To clarify the mechanism of the PINK1/DRP1 pathway in intestinal I/R injury.METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were used to generate an intestinal I/R model via superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by reperfusion.Chiu’s score was used to evaluate intestinal mucosa damage.The mitochondrial fission inhibitor mdivi-1 was administered by intraperitoneal injection.Caco-2 cells were incubated in vitro in hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions.Small interfering RNAs and overexpression plasmids were transfected to regulate PINK1 expression.The protein expression levels of PINK1,DRP1,p-DRP1 and cleaved caspase 3 were measured by Western blotting.Cell viability was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and cell apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining.Mitochondrial fission and ROS were tested by MitoTracker and MitoSOX respectively.RESULTS Intestinal I/R and Caco-2 cell hypoxia/reoxygenation decreased the expression of PINK1 and p-DRP1 Ser637.Pretreatment with mdivi-1 inhibited mitochondrial fission,ROS generation,and apoptosis and ameliorated cell injury in intestinal I/R.Upon PINK1 knockdown or overexpression in vitro,we found that p-DRP1 Ser637 expression and DRP1 recruitment to the mitochondria were associated with PINK1.Furthermore,we verified the physical combination of PINK1 and p-DRP1 Ser637.CONCLUSION PINK1 is correlated with mitochondrial fission and apoptosis by regulating DRP1 phosphorylation in intestinal I/R.These results suggest that the PINK1/DRP1 pathway is involved in intestinal I/R injury,and provide a new approach for prevention and treatment.

摘要： Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from Universe into World from fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from Beginning of World for 0.4 billion years) when only DMPs existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in standard cosmological model is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Mysterious Star KIC 8462852 with irregular dimmings;Coronal Heating problem in solar physics—temperature of Sun’s corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees;Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces;Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heat;Lightning Initiation problem—electric fields observed inside thunderstorms are not sufficient to initiate sparks;Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes—bursts of high energy X-rays and gamma rays emanating from Earth. Model makes predictions pertaining to Masses of DMPs, proposes New Types of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.

摘要： The most widely accepted model of Solar System formation, known as the Nebular hypothesis, does not solve the Angular Momentum problem—why is the orbital momentum of Jupiter larger than rotational momentum of the Sun? The present manuscript introduces a Rotational Fission model of creation and evolution of Macrostructures of the World (Superclusters, Galaxies, Extrasolar Systems), based on Overspinning Cores of the World’s Macroobjects, and the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. The Hypersphere World-Universe model is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with this Fundamental Law.

摘要： Photofission fragments mass yield for^(232)Th,^(234;238) U,^(237) Np, and^(239;240;242) Pu isotopes are investigated.The calculations are done using a developed approach based on Gorodisskiy's phenomenological formalism. The Gorodisskiy's method is developed to be applied for the neutron-induced fission. Here we revised it for application to photofission. The effect of emitted neutron prior to fission on the fission fragment mass yields has also been studied. The peak-to-valley ratio is extracted for the240 Pu isotope as a function of energy. Obtained results of the present formalism are compared with the available experimental data. Satisfactory agreement is achieved between the results of present approach and the experimental data.

摘要： Effect of kinetic model parameters on fission product (I-129) activity from fuel to coolant in PWRs has been studied in this work. First a computational model was developed for fission product release into primary coolant using ORIGEN-2 as subroutine. The model is based on set of differential equations of kinetic model which includes fuel-to-gap release model, gap-to-coolant leakage model, and Booths diffusion model. A Matlab based computer program FPAPC (Fission Product Activity in Primary Coolant) was developed. Variations of I-129 activity in Primary Heat Transport System were computed and computed values of i-129 were found in good agreement and deviations were within 2% - 3% of already published data values. Finally, the effects of coolant purification rate, diffusion constant and gas escape rate on I-129 activity were studied and results indicated that the coolant purification rate is the most sensitive parameter for fission product activity in primary circuit. For changes of 5% in steps from ?10% to +10% in the coolant purification rate constant (Β), the activity variation after 200 days of reactor operation was 23.1% for the change.

摘要： A new composite of silicone rubber and boric acid was developed to be used as a personal wearing for protection from nuclear radiation. The capability of this material for absorbing thermal neutrons of different intensities followed by a detonation of nuclear weapon has been investigated. This investigation was performed by using californium-252 neutron source of like fission spectrum. The thermal neutron flux was measured behind different thicknesses of the developed material using a BF3 detector. Two positions of measurements were performed;at position near the detonation where the intensity of thermal neutron flux is low and at position far from the detonation where the intensity of thermal neutron is high. For both cases, the contribution of total thermal, initial incident and new produced thermal neutron fluxes are measured. The obtained results indicated that, addition of boron with concentration of about 17% to the silicon rubber tends to decrease the flux by more than 70%.

摘要： OBJECTIVE Refractory wounds in diabetic patients constitute a serious complication that often leads to amputation with limited treatment regimens.Recent studies have shown that the imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics was associated with the increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)production in endothelial cells,which is a significant contributor to the microvascular complications of diabetes.The present study was designed to determine the involvement of transcription factor FOXO1in diabetic wound healing and investigate underlying mechanisms.METHODS&RESULTS Impaired mitochondrial networks and increased phosphorylation of dynaminrelated protein-1(Drp1)at ser616,a protein required for mitochondrial fission,were observed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)24 h after exposure to high concentrations of glucose.Inhibition of FOXO1 by si RNA or by FOXO1 selective inhibitor AS1842856 abrogated high glucos-induced alterations in mitochondrial networks and phosphorylation of Drp1.Treatment with AS1842856 or si RNA of FOXO1 could significantly increase the mitochondrial membrane potential and suppress the overproduction of ROS induced by high glucose.Addition of AS1842856 inhibited glucoseinduced apoptosis,ameliorated capillary tube formation in HUVECs.In vivo,AS1842856 dose-dependently rescued the delay of wound closure in diabetic mice,and5 mg·kg-1of AS1842856 treatment significantly increased the mean perfusion rate.CONCLUSION These findings suggested that FOXO1 is critical to preserve mitochondrial quantity and function in endothelial cells,inhibition of FOXO1 rescued the delayed wound healing and improved wound angiogenesis in diabetic mice.

摘要： Concerning the increasing global energy demand, the current paper considers nuclear energy as a solution. Within this context, the 2011 disaster in Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant and, particularly, the technical disorders in boiling water reactors are explained. The deficiency of safety technique in boiling water reactors is explained. The deficiencies in safety procedure of this type of reactors manifested during 2011 earthquake and subsequent tsunami are explained. To complete the discussion, the newer technologies of reactors enabling them to act more safely during natural disasters are introduced. These investigations indicate that despite improvement in the fission reactor technologies, the danger embedded in them still remains. Therefore, the nuclear fusion using Deuterium-Tritium reaction is the best way forward for energy production in the future, and the best candidate of this type of reactors is Tokamak.