emission

摘要： China’s first carbon dioxide(CO_(2))measurement satellite mission,TanSat,was launched in December 2016.This paper introduces the first attempt to detect anthropogenic CO_(2) emission signatures using CO_(2) observations from TanSat and NO_(2) measurements from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI)onboard the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor(S5P)satellite.We focus our analysis on two selected cases in Tangshan,China and Tokyo,Japan.We found that the TanSat XCO_(2) measurements have the capability to capture the anthropogenic variations in the plume and have spatial patterns similar to that of the TROPOMI NO_(2) observations.The linear fit between TanSat XCO_(2) and TROPOMI NO_(2) indicates the CO_(2)-to-NO_(2) ratio of 0.8×10^(-16) ppm(molec cm^(-2))^(-1) in Tangshan and 2.3×10^(-16) ppm(molec cm^(-2))^(-1) in Tokyo.Our results align with the CO_(2)-to-NOx emission ratios obtained from the EDGAR v6 emission inventory.

摘要： The color of an object is defined as the color of the light it reflects. The color is therefore not a characteristic of the object but rather a characteristic of the light that illuminates it, thus objects are quite simply “color thieves”. However, the reflected light is subject to the Snell-Descartes law of reflection: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This law implies that the color of the object can only be seen by observers occupying specific positions. But we all know that this is not the case, the color of the object is seen by any observer regardless of position. In this work, we then introduce a new way to define the color of an object based on spectroscopic principles: The atoms of the object absorb the white light of the sun and subsequently they emit radiation of which frequency corresponds only to the color of the object.

摘要： Biomass is a renewable, economic and readily available resource of energy that has potential to substitute fossil fuels in many applications such as heat, electricity and biofuels. The increased use of the agricultural biomass can help the agricultural based societies in achieving energy security and creating employment without causing environmental degradation. However, the viability and feasibility of electricity generation from agricultural biomass depends upon the availability of biomass supply at a competitive cost. The present study investigates the availability of agricultural biomass for distributed power generation in Greece (Kozani). The study concludes with a discussion on significance and challenges of decentralized electricity generation for rural energy supply, including brief description about economical, social, environmental and technical aspects of bioelectricity. With the application of the life cycle analysis applied, the environmental and economic impacts that will occur in the region of Kozani in Greece, where a biomass wood pellets production workshop is operating, have been assessed. The total annual emission of CO 657.9 gr, HC 22.36 gr, PM 67.94 and NOx 8.832,2 gr was calculated. The economic evaluation estimated the payback period for the investment in this plant to be approximately 3 years.

摘要： Diesel engine alternative fuels, such as methanol and biodiesel, are beneficial to reduce diesel engine emission. In order to study the influence of methanol and biodiesel on the performance, economy and emission of small agricultural diesel engine, the physical-chemical properties(cetane number, lower heat value(LHV), viscosity, etc.) of methanol and biodiesel were analyzed. The methanol and biodiesel showed good complementary property to some extent. When a large proportion of methanol was added into biodiesel, the cetane number of the methanol/biodiesel blend will be greatly reduced. Since the cetane number of the blend fuel has great influence on the combustion process of diesel engine, after testing for blending ratio of methanol/biodiesel, the blend was prepared with 5%(BM5), 10%(BM10) and 15%(BM15) methanol, respectively. Di-Tert-Butyl Peroxide(DTBP) was chosen as a cetane number improver to be added into methanol/biodiesel blend. 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% of DTBP was added into BM15. The bench test was carried out on a 186 FA diesel engine to study the effect of methanol and DTBP on the engine performance and emissions. The results show that, at rated condition, compared with biodiesel, the NO;concentration of BM5, BM10 and BM15 is reduced by 5.02%, 33.85% and 21.24%, and smoke is reduced by 5.56%, 22.22% and 55.56%. However, the engine power is also reduced by 5.77%, 14.23% and 25.41%, and the brake specific energy consumption is increased by 3.31%, 7.78% and 6.37%. The addition of DTBP in methanol/biodiesel could recover the engine power to the level of diesel. DTBP shows good effect on the reduction of the brake specific energy consumption and NO_(x), CO, HC concentration, but a little increase of exhaust smoke.

摘要： In the present paper, the effect of the combustion chamber design parameters on the improvement of combustion efficiency (the heat generated inside the combustion chamber) and the enhancement in the pollution rates (heat emissions) from a four-stroke, spark-ignition engine has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Two different programs, Gaseq and Ansys, were used to simulate the effect of the combustion chamber shape, turbulent kinetic energy, intake temperature, intake pressure, parity ratio, compression ratio, and engine speed on reducing specific fuel consumption in the engine, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and increasing overall engine efficiency. The results showed increasing the intake temperature increased the amount of heat produced in the combustion chamber. This leads to increases in the overall efficiency of the engine, but leads to increasing the carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. Increasing the intake pressure has a positive effect on the combustion temperature and pressure, but it has a negative effect on carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Raising the pressure ratio improved the overall efficiency of the engine by increasing the combustion heat, but increasing specific fuel consumption and emissions. Also, increasing the engine speed above the permissible limit has an adverse effect on the spraying speed due to the piston speed being higher than the flame speed, which leads to a reduction in the engine brake torque. An increase in the compression ratio leads to higher fluid pressure and output capacity, but combustion methods occur. An increase in the kinetic energy of the turbulence leads to good combustion. A bowl in a piston has the highest rate of rotation and rotation compared to flat and hemispherical pistons. That is, the design of the cylinder head of this type leads to an improvement in the combustion efficiency and thus the efficiency of the engine.

摘要： The energy transition,validated by 194 countries at the end of CoP21 in Paris,requires new development design methods.This requirement,for the sub-Saharan African countries(SAC),could be an opportunity to finance their development.Following the mixed results of the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM),partly due to its rather restrictive selection criterion,the desire to implement carbon asset transfer mechanisms is proposed by many countries including Cameroon.However,the success of such a mechanism would be guaranteed by encouraging policies to regulate emissions.It is in this perspective that our work falls.It aims at proposing a regulation approach for major projects.We have dwelt on hydroelectric projects.To do this,we ordered considering their quantitative feature,113 projects or visions proposed by 37 countries.Subsequently,a classification of projects according to compartments and trends was made.We finally pointed out 6 visions,including the mitigation in production,mitigation in distribution or service,adaptation in production,mitigation in transport,adaptation in distribution or service,and the adaptation in transport.The regulation methodology proposed for mitigation projects in the hydroelectric sector on a variable threshold hypothesis has led us to three trends in regulation.

摘要： The prices of fossil fuels,the gap between energy supply and demand,energy security,environmental issues,and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions commonly promote the development of biomass power generation in China.Compared to direct biomass combustion power generation and biogas power generation,liquid biofuel power generation has better application potential.Policies and finance environment of countries and organizations have promoted the extensive application of biofuel power generation in recent years,especially in China.Evaluation of internal combustion engine,gas turbine and fuel cell on the stationary power station and mobile generation shows that gas turbine is the main generator-set,the fuel cell is the fastest-growing and future generator-set,while the engine is the first choice in transport and low power generation field.As the second,third and fourth generation biofuels,biomethanol,bioethanol,biodiesel and others have been researched and widely used in power generation.In addition,power generation performance and emissions have been improved to some extent after biofuels supplying.For the future,combined heat and power(CHP)generation and integrated gasification combined cycle(IGCC)is imperative development trends of power generation for higher energy and exergy efficiency.CHP based on the various generating facilities will be the next choice and direction of energy use trends for transport.

摘要： Energy is a basic requirement for development in the world.The continuously rising demand for energy resources and the fast depletion of fossil fuel is raises researcher''s concern to focus on alternative sources of energy that can replace the shortage of fossil fuels soon.Biodiesel is recognized as one of the potential alternative renewable energy fuels that can be easily available in a wide range in every part of the world.This paper reviews biodiesel''s prospect and focuses on the different fuel properties(physicochemical)of 100 biodiesels from first-,second-and third-generation followed by the evaluation of CI engine characteristics.It has been observed that the fuel properties of first-,second-and third-generation biodiesel are compatible with the ASTM standards.The present paper discussed the potential of various generations of biodiesel feedstocks from production perspectives.This paper also examined many aspects of these feedstocks which include different biodiesel feedstock sources,biodiesel conversion technology,and second-generation biodiesel performance and emission characteristics.Most of the studies showed that biodiesel derived from plant feedstock is costly than diesel.Thus,more influence is to be given to non-edible sources.However,the engine characteristics are shown promising behavior with biodiesel and a slight increase in NOX is also reported on using various biodiesel.

摘要： The original mathematical treatment used in the analysis of the Fizeau experiment of 1851, which measured the relative speed of light in a moving medium, assumes that light travels through the water in a smooth continuous flow, at a speed less than the speed of light in a vacuum (relative to the water). Thus, it assumes that the water’s velocity vector can simply be added to that of the light. However, light is transmitted through optical media, such as water, by a continuous process of charge excitation (semi-absorption) and re-emission by the water molecules;but travels between them at the full speed of light (in a vacuum). Thus, the mathematics describing the process of Fresnel dragging must be formulated differently and can then be explained by classical physics, allowing the entire process to be fully visualized.

摘要： Due to increasingly stringent environmental pollution norms,there is a need for alternate combustion techniques and alternate fuels to keep up with changing trends.One of the viable solutions for India is the adaptation of methanol as a fuel for automotive sector.Therefore,in this study a functional two-wheeler prototype was developed,which uses M85(85%v/v methanol and 15%v/v gasoline)in an electronic control unit(ECU)controlled port fuel injected(PFI)engine.This study included comparative investigations of simulated on-road two-wheeler performance on chassis dynamometer using a gasoline-fuelled motorcycle with stock ECU vis-a-vis M85-fuelled motorcycle using recalibrated ECU.ECU recalibration exhibited that M85-fuelled vehicle was operated at relatively more advanced spark timing compared to baseline gasoline-fuelled vehicle.Performance results showed that M85-fuelled motorcycle produced relatively higher engine power and higher maximum vehicle speed compared to gasoline-fuelled motorcycle.Relatively superior acceleration characteristics(especially at higher speeds)of M85-fuelled motorcycle was another important finding of this study,indicating that M85 provided superior throttle response compared to gasoline.Comparative analysis of raw tailpipe emissions showed that modified M85-fuelled motorcycle emitted relatively higher hydrocarbon(HC),carbon monoxide(CO)and oxides of nitrogen(NO_x)emissions compared to stock gasoline-fuelled motorcycle.However,these emissions can be controlled by using adaptation of suitable after-treatment systems.

摘要： 本发明公开了一种PFG Emission Current检测电路，属于半导体制造领域。PFG Emission Current检测电路包括：电路供电单元(1)、信号转换单元(2)、信号处理单元(3)。由于所选放大器均需求±15V供电，需由电路供电单元(1)将原先所有的24V直流电转化为所需的供电；由PFG检测到的信号为电流信号，需要由信号转换单元(2)将其转化为电压信号，再由放大器对信号进行处理；信号需要由信号处理单元(3)放大，仪表放大器接收到电压信号之后先将电压信号正向放大10倍，再由运算放大器正向放大5倍(或不放大)再由电压跟随器输出。得到的运算放大器输出的信号进入控制器并经过计算显示出来。