drugs

摘要： Injuries to the spinal cord result in permanent disabilities that limit daily life activities.The main reasons for these poor outcomes are the limited regenerative capacity of central neurons and the inhibitory milieu that is established upon traumatic injuries.Despite decades of research,there is still no efficient treatment for spinal cord injury.Many strategies are tested in preclinical studies that focus on ameliorating the functional outcomes after spinal cord injury.Among these,molecular compounds are currently being used for neurological recovery,with promising results.These molecules target the axon collapsed growth cone,the inhibitory microenvironment,the survival of neurons and glial cells,and the re-establishment of lost connections.In this review we focused on molecules that are being used,either in preclinical or clinical studies,to treat spinal cord injuries,such as drugs,growth and neurotrophic factors,enzymes,and purines.The mechanisms of action of these molecules are discussed,considering traumatic spinal cord injury in rodents and humans.

摘要： Central nervous system(CNS)trauma,including traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury,has a high rate of disability and mortality,and effective treatment is currently lacking.Previous studies have revealed that neural inflammation plays a vital role in CNS trauma.As the initial enzyme in neuroinflammation,cytosolic phospholipase A_(2)(cPLA2)can hydrolyze membranous phosphatides at the sn-2 position in a preferential way to release lysophospholipids andω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid dominated by arachidonic acid,thereby inducing secondary injuries.Although there is substantial fresh knowledge pertaining to cPLA2,in-depth comprehension of how cPLA2 participates in CNS trauma and the potential methods to amelio rate the clinical res ults after CNS trauma are still insufficient.The present review summarizes the latest understanding of how cPLA2 participates in CNS trauma,highlighting novel findings pertaining to how cPLA2 activation initiates the potential mechanisms specifically,neuroinflammation,lysosome membrane functions,and autophagy activity,that damage the CNS after trauma.Moreover,we focused on testing a variety of drugs capable of inhibiting cPLA2 or the upstream pathway,and we explored how those agents might be utilized as treatments to improve the results following CNS trauma.This review aimed to effectively understand the mechanism of cPLA2 activation and its role in the pathophysiological processes of CNS trauma and provide clarification and a new referential framework for future research.

摘要： Since their first description in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease(AD),more than 100 years ago,extracellular amyloid-β(Aβ)plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles have been the principal focus of AD research.However,this focus has led to the failure of several long and promising clinical trials,and the efficacy of new Aβ-targeting drugs to slow down the disease progression is still controversial despite being successful in reducing the Aβload.

摘要： Cholinergic system associated DOPA-refractory motor and cognitive symptoms-a need for novel therapeutic approaches:Accumulating evidence points to significant motor and non-motor morbidities associated with hypocholinergic deficits in central and peripheral neural systems in Parkinson’s disease(PD)(Bohnen et al.,2018,2022).This so-called“malignant”hypocholinergic disease phenotype is associated with DOPA-refractory dementia and mobility disturbances,such as falls and freezing of gait,and augur novel therapeutic approaches targeting cholinergic systems in PD.Cholinergic pharmacotherapy in PD has been an interest for a long time.However,the development of cholinergic augmentation pharmacotherapy has been hampered by limited clinical efficacy,the presumption that changes in cholinergic activity are homogeneous in the central nervous system(CNS)and peripheral nervous system,tolerance or safety of cholinesterase inhibitor drugs,low CNS penetrance,high rate of peripheral autonomic side-effects and clinical contra-indications.The development of nicotinic or muscarinic receptor modulating drugs appears more promising but is still in the development stage.Given the current unmet need for managing DOPA-refractory cognitive and mobility impairments associated with hypocholinergic neural systems,there is a need for novel and complementary therapeutic and more personalized approaches.

摘要： Capillary electrophoresis(CE)is widely used for the impurity profiling of drugs that contain stereochemical centers in their structures,analysis of biomolecules,and characterization of biopharmaceuticals.Currently,CE is the method of choice for the analysis of foodstuffs and the determination of adulterants.This article discusses the general theory and instrumentation of CE as well as the classification of various CE techniques.It also presents an overview of research on the applications of different CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs in the past decade.The review briefly presents a comparison between CE and liquid chromatography methods and highlights the strengths of CE using drug compounds as examples.This review will help scientists,fellow researchers,and students to understand the applications of CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs.

摘要： Dear editor,Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT2I)reduce the majority of reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubules,which reduces blood glucose levels by allowing excretion of excess glucose in the urine.[1]By inhibiting glucose reabsorption,they increase the osmotic pressure of urine resulting in diuresis which can cause a reduction of blood pressure.[2]Fortunately,as these drugs are not directly implicated in altering glucose metabolism or causing insulin secretion,SGLT2I monotherapy does not result in severe hypoglycemia.

摘要： Nontuberculous mycobacteria(NTM)are opportunistic pathogens of environmental origin that can cause human infections in a wide variety of tissues[1].Lung involvement is the most common manifestation of NTM infection[1].The symptoms and radiographic signs are similar to those of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis(TB)who are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex(MTBC)[1].Most NTM species are naturally resistant to first-line anti-TB drugs and have different resistance profiles,thus misdiagnosis leads to inappropriate treatment and increases the risk of poor prognosis for patients with an NTM infection,and even wider spread through person-to-person contact[2].

摘要： Our phenotype includes not only physical features,but also behavioral outputs such as motor schemes and learned skills,and is the result of a complex interaction between genetic background and environment.In fact,a good fraction of last decades’biomedical efforts were dedicated to understanding how different elements(e.g.,genetic polymorphisms,lifestyle components)participate in this interplay,ultimately contributing to affect a given phenotype up to the point of steering it towards pathology.Genetic and epigenetic elements are relatively easy to analyze individually using a reductionist approach,for instance via loss-or gain-of-function studies in cellular and animal models;the effects of nutrients,drugs,pollutants can be similarly tested as single specific stimuli.

摘要： Objective: To understand the condition of adverse drug reactions and the treatment procedures of amphotericin B for injection in patients with AIDS complicated with fungal infection. Methods: For the research object, a retrospective analysis of adverse reactions of amphotericin B injection in 121 patients of AIDS complicated with fungal infection was reported in our hospital from October 2017 to June 2021 to observe the adverse drug reactions of patients after treatment with amphotericin B for injection, 87 cases with general degree (regarded as the general group) and 34 cases with serious degree (regarded as the serious group), and analyze the general data, medication and course of disease of the two groups for symptomatic treatment. Results: Adverse reactions such as hypokalemia, abnormal liver function, renal impairment, leucopenia and drug fever were more common in the two groups, and there were also many adverse reactions such as bone marrow suppression, rash, anemia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness, pruritus, angina pectoris, vertigo, abdominal pain and diarrhea. The rates of leukopenia and drug fever in general group were significantly lower than those in severe group (P < 0.05);in the dose of amphotericin B used, the rate of using 25 mg and more than 25 mg in the general group was significantly lower than that in the severe group (P < 0.05). After symptomatic treat-ment, most patients have improved, and a few are unknown or have not improved. Con-clusion: Amphotericin B for injection has great side effects and will cause different degrees of adverse drug reactions. The dose of amphotericin B for clinical treatment should be ad-justed and disposed according to the adverse reactions to avoid serious consequences.

摘要： The use of antidepressants is widespread in modern times.Thus,they present a potential risk for ecosystems due to occurrence in domestic sewage containing unaltered metabolites and structures,even after the treatment plants have processed the sewage.The current research investigated the sorption and desorption of antidepressants(citalopram,venlafaxine,fluoxetine,sertraline,and amitriptyline)and caffeine from freshwater sediment and sewage sludge.The samples of freshwater sediment were collected in a river spring in an area with few anthropogenic sources of pollution and samples of sewage sludge were taken from stabilization ponds of a sewage treatment.The matrices were mainly composed of organic fractions,sediment of humic nature,and aliphatic biomolecules in sludges.The presence of silt and clay in the sediment proved to be important for the sorption process when compared to the flocs and colloidal structure of the sludge.The kinetic study indicated pseudo-first order behavior.The Freundlich isotherm was satisfactorily used in the interpretation of sorption and desorption for all analytes and matrices.The high percentages obtained for desorption suggest analyte mobility,which is more intense in the sludge than in the sediment since each matrix has a different composition.It can be considered that the information obtained here reinforces the ecotoxicological concern with respect to pharmacological residues in the environment,as processes of retention by sorption in the sludge and the sediment have been confirmed,as well as the preferential partition of some analytes by the aqueous phase.