dopamine

摘要： Towards implanted deep brain stimulation(D B S):The human brain i s a complex network of 86 billion neurons and 85 billion nonneuronal cells and they are coordinated in a well-defined ratio(1:1)which is required for desired body functions.The connectivity among neuronal cells secretes neurotransmitters(e.g.,dopamine)to establish a perfect connection between the brain and a peripheral system i.e.,motor coordination.

摘要： T cells are essential for a healthy life,performing continuously:immune surveillance,recognition,protection,activation,suppression,assistance,eradication,secretion,adhesion,migration,homing,communications,and additional tasks.This paper describes five aspects of normal beneficial T cells in the healthy or diseased brain.First,normal beneficial T cells are essential for normal healthy brain functions:cognition,spatial learning,memory,adult neurogenesis,and neuroprotection.T cells decrease secondary neuronal degeneration,increase neuronal survival after central nervous system(CNS)injury,and limit CNS inflammation and damage upon injury and infection.Second,while pathogenic T cells contribute to CNS disorders,recent studies,mostly in animal models,show that specific subpopulations of normal beneficial T cells have protective and regenerative effects in several neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.These include Multiple Sclerosis(MS),Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS),stroke,CNS trauma,chronic pain,and others.Both T cell-secreted molecules and direct cell-cell contacts deliver T cell neuroprotective,neuroregenerative and immunomodulatory effects.Third,normal beneficial T cells are abnormal,impaired,and dysfunctional in aging and multiple neurological diseases.Different T cell impairments are evident in aging,brain tumors(mainly Glioblastoma),severe viral infections(including COVID-19),chronic stress,major depression,schizophrenia,Parkinson’s disease,Alzheimer’s disease,ALS,MS,stroke,and other neuro-pathologies.The main detrimental mechanisms that impair T cell function are activation-induced cell death,exhaustion,senescence,and impaired T cell stemness.Fourth,several physiological neurotransmitters and neuropeptides induce by themselves multiple direct,potent,beneficial,and therapeutically-relevant effects on normal human T cells,via their receptors in T cells.This scientific field is called“Nerve-Driven Immunity”.The main neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that induce directly activating and beneficial effects on naïve normal human T cells are:dopamine,glutamate,GnRH-II,neuropeptide Y,calcitonin gene-related peptide,and somatostatin.Fifth,“Personalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy”.This is a novel unique cellular immunotherapy,based on the“Nerve-Driven Immunity”findings,which was recently designed and patented for safe and repeated rejuvenation,activation,and improvement of impaired and dysfunctional T cells of any person in need,by ex vivo exposure of the person’s T cells to neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.Personalized adoptive neuro-immunotherapy includes an early ex vivo personalized diagnosis,and subsequent ex vivo→in vivo personalized adoptive therapy,tailored according to the diagnosis.The Personalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy has not yet been tested in humans,pending validation of safety and efficacy in clinical trials,especially in brain tumors,chronic infectious diseases,and aging,in which T cells are exhausted and/or senescent and dysfunctional.

摘要： Parkinson’s disease is the most common movement disorder,affecting about 1%of the population over the age of 60 years.Parkinson’s disease is characterized clinically by resting tremor,bradykinesia,rigidity and postural instability,as a result of the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.In addition to this neuronal cell loss,Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular protein aggregates,Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites,composed primarily of the proteinα-synuclein.Although it was first described almost 200 years ago,there are no disease-modifying drugs to treat patients with Parkinson’s disease.In addition to conventional therapies,non-pharmacological treatment strategies are under investigation in patients and animal models of neurodegenerative disorders.Among such strategies,environmental enrichment,comprising physical exercise,cognitive stimulus,and social interactions,has been assessed in preclinical models of Parkinson’s disease.Environmental enrichment can cause structural and functional changes in the brain and promote neurogenesis and dendritic growth by modifying gene expression,enhancing the expression of neurotrophic factors and modulating neurotransmission.In this review article,we focus on the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying environmental enrichment neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease,highlighting its influence on the dopaminergic,cholinergic,glutamatergic and GABAergic systems,as well as the involvement of neurotrophic factors.We describe experimental pre-clinical data showing how environmental enrichment can act as a modulator in a neurochemical and behavioral context in different animal models of Parkinson’s disease,highlighting the potential of environmental enrichment as an additional strategy in the management and prevention of this complex disease.

摘要： To fabricate polydopamine-sensitized solar cells with improved solar power conversion efficiency, the effects of pH, buffer, adsorption time and electrode potential for the electrochemical oxidation and polymerization of dopamine on TiO2 film were investigated. The optimum pH was around 7. It was found that the use of a buffer, especially 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, significantly deteriorated the electrochemical adsorption of polydopamine, and the highest solar power conversion efficiency was obtained without buffer. With increasing adsorption time, the amount of adsorbed polydopamine increased but the solar power conversion efficiency decreased, suggesting the increased resistivity of polydopamine with a larger degree of polymerization. It was suggested that the reversal of electrode potential from positive to negative would be essential for the electrochemical adsorption of polydopamine.

摘要： Here,a dopa decarboxylase(DDC)from Harmonia axyridis was heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli for the efficient biosynthesis of dopamine.For the production of recombinant DDC,the cultivation conditions including IPTG concentration,temperature and induction time were optimized and obtained an optimal specific enzyme activity of 51.72 U·mg^(-1) crude extracts.After the purification of DDC with a recovery yield of 68.79%,its activity was further characterized.The Vmax,Km,Kcat,and Kcat/Km of DDC for d ihyd roxy pheny la la nine(dopa)were 0.02 mmol·ml^(-1)·s^(-1),2.328 mmol·ml^(-1),10435.90 s^(-1) and4482.77 ml,mmol respectively.The highest DDC activity was observed at the condition of pH 7.5 and 45°C.With the purified DDC,the feasibility to produce dopamine from L-dopa was evaluated.The optimal yield was determined at the following bioconversion conditions:pH of 7,0,the reaction temperature of 40°C,0.4 mmol·L^(-1) of PLP and 4 g·L^(-1) of L-dopa,Subsequently,a fed-batch process for the production of dopamine was developed and the effect of oxygen was evaluated.The titer,yield and productivity of dopamine reached up to 21.99 g·L^(-1)80.88%and 14.66 g·L^(-1)·h^(-1) at 90 min under anaerobic condition.

摘要： Dopamine is a catecholamine and an anti-oxidant which functions in responses to stress and it interacts with plant hormones to mediate plant development.At present,there are few studies on the functions of dopamine in apple.This study developed a method for dopamine determination which was used to analyze dopamine in Malus germplasm,in order to clarify the tissue distribution,developmental changes,diurnal variations,and stress responses in apple trees.First,the proposed method was verified.The linear range of quantification was robust from 0.1 to 20 ng mL^(–1).The instrumental,inter-day precision,and sample repeatability relative standard deviations were 1.024,5.607,and 7.237%,respectively.The spiked recovery was greater than 100%,indicating the feasibility of the method and its suitability for the rapid analysis of dopamine in Malus.Next,the dopamine content was measured in 322 Malus tissues.The results showed that the dopamine level in Malus was low and the average dopamine content in leaf was higher than in peel and flesh.The dopamine had a skewed distribution that deviated to the right in cultivars and wild accessions.Finally,the tissue specificity,developmental changes,diurnal changes,and responses to stress were analyzed.In cultivar ‘Pinova’(Malus domestica),the dopamine concentration was the highest in leaf buds and lowest in flesh.The dopamine contents in leaf and flesh decreased with the growth and development of cultivar ‘Liangxiang’(Malus domestica).The dopamine content of apple leaves was higher after either drought or salinity stress as compared to the control.In this study,a dopamine detection method for apple was established based on HPLC-MS and shown to be a robust approach.This study provides a framework for future research on elucidating the tissue distribution,developmental changes,diurnal variation,and stress responses of dopamine in apple trees.

摘要： Astrocytes protect neurons by modulating neuronal function and survival.Astrocytes support neurons in several ways.They provide energy through the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle,protect neurons from excitotoxicity,and internalize neuronal lipid droplets to degrade fatty acids for neuronal metabolic and synaptic support,as well as by their high capacity for glutamate uptake and the conversion of glutamate to glutamine.A recent reported astrocyte system for protection of dopamine neurons against the neurotoxic products of dopamine,such as aminochrome and other o-quinones,were generated under neuromelanin synthesis by oxidizing dopamine catechol structure.Astrocytes secrete glutathione transferase M2-2 through exosomes that transport this enzyme into dopaminergic neurons to protect these neurons against aminochrome neurotoxicity.The role of this new astrocyte protective mechanism in Parkinson´s disease is discussed.

摘要： As the most commonly used antipyretic and analgesic drug,paracetamol(PA)coexists with neurotransmitter dopamine(DA)in real biological samples.Their simultaneous determination is extremely important for human health,but they also interfere with each other.In order to improve the conductivity,adsorption affinity,sensitivity,and selectivity of TiO_(2)-based electrochemical sensor,N-doped carbon@-TiO_(2) double-shelled hollow sphere(HeC/N@TiO_(2))is designed and synthesized by simple alcoholic and hydrothermal method,using polystyrene sphere(PS)as a template.Meanwhile,TiO_(2) hollow spheres(H eTiO_(2))or N-doped carbon hollow spheres(HeC/N)are also prepared by the same method.HeC/N@TiO_(2) has good conductivity,charge separation,and the highly enhanced and stable current responses for the detection of PA and DA.The detection limit and linear range are 50.0 nmol/L and 0.3-50 mmol/L for PA,40.0 nmol/L and 0.3e50 mmol/L for DA,respectively,which are better than those of carbon-based sensors.Moreover,this electrochemical sensor,with high selectivity,strong anti-interference,high reliability,and long time durability,can be used for the simultaneous detection of PA and DA in human blood serum and saliva.The high electrochemical performance of HeC/N@TiO_(2) is attributed to the multifunctional combination of different layers,because of good conductivity,absorption and electrons transfer ability from in-situ N-doped carbon and electrocatalytic activity from TiO_(2).

摘要： Parkinson's disease(PD)is a common neurological disorder that is defined by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta,eventually leading to striatal dopamine depletion.Resting tremors,rigid muscles,bradykinesia,and in rare circumstances,postural instability are symptoms of low dopamine levels.One to two percent of people over 65 worldwide is affected with PD,making it the second most common neurological illness in the world[1,2].Uncertainty about the cause and course of PD persists,as do the biological pathways that drive the disease[3].Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2(LRRK2)gene are the most common cause of familial PD[4].LRRK2 missense mutations increase the risk of developing late-onset autosomal dominant PD,which is clinically comparable to sporadic PD[5,6].LRRK2 PD neuropathology is comparable to sporadic PD neuropathology,with LRRK2 patients experiencing progressive neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway,frequently resulting in alpha-Synuclein-positive Lewy bodies and brain tau pathology[5,7-9].While LRRK2 coding mutations are associated with sporadic PD,frequent non-coding variants at the LRRK2 locus are associated with an increased risk of developing PD[10-13].

摘要： A simple electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection, is based on molecularly imprinted and electropolymerized over-oxidized polypyrrole (OPPy). The MIP-based electrode is obtained by electrocopolymerization of pyrrole (0.1 M) in the presence of the template molecular (dopamine, DA) (10-3 M). The square wave voltammetry (SWV) is used for the detection of dopamine in buffer solution. The current peak obtained at the MIP electrode was proportional to the logarithm of the DA concentration in the range of 10-11 to 5 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 10-11 M. The proposed sensor was used for the detection of DA in spiked blood serum, satisfactory results were obtained.