differentiation

摘要： Exfoliated deciduous or an extracted healthy adult tooth can be used to harvest,process,and cryogenically preserve dental pulp stem cells.Future stem cell-based regenerative medicine methods could benefit significantly from these mesenchymal stem cells.Teeth serve as a substantial source of mesenchymal stem cells,otherwise disposed of as medical waste.Care should be taken to store this treasure trove of stem cells.Collective responsibility of patients,dentists,and physicians is necessary to ensure that this valuable resource is not wasted and that every possible dental pulp stem cell is available for use in the future.The dental pulp stem cells(DPSC)inside teeth represent a significant future source of stem cells for regenerative medicine procedures.This review describes the ontogeny,the laboratory processing and collection,and isolation methods of DPSC.This review also discusses currently available stem cell banking facilities and their potential use in regenerative medicine procedures in dental and general medical applications in the future.

摘要： Chx10-expressing V2 a(Chx10+V2 a) spinal interneurons play a large role in the excitatory drive of motoneurons. Chemogenetic ablation studies have demonstrated the essential nature of Chx10+V2 a interneurons in the regulation of locomotor initiation, maintenance, alternation, speed, and rhythmicity. The role of Chx10+V2 a interneurons in locomotion and autonomic nervous system regulation is thought to be robust, but their precise role in spinal motor regulation and spinal cord injury have not been fully explored. The present paper reviews the origin, characteristics, and functional roles of Chx10+V2 a interneurons with an emphasis on their involvement in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. The diverse functional properties of these cells have only been substantiated by and are due in large part to their integration in a variety of diverse spinal circuits. Chx10+V2 a interneurons play an integral role in conferring locomotion, which integrates various corticospinal, mechanosensory, and interneuron pathways. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that Chx10+V2 a interneurons also play an important role in rhythmic patterning maintenance, leftright alternation of central pattern generation, and locomotor pattern generation in higher order mammals, likely conferring complex locomotion. Consequently, the latest research has focused on postinjury transplantation and noninvasive stimulation of Chx10+V2 a interneurons as a therapeutic strategy, particularly in spinal cord injury. Finally, we review the latest preclinical study advances in laboratory derivation and stimulation/transplantation of these cells as a strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury. The evidence supports that the Chx10+V2 a interneurons act as a new therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Future optimization strategies should focus on the viability, maturity, and functional integration of Chx10+V2 a interneurons transplanted in spinal cord injury foci.

摘要： The extracellular matrix surrounding oligodendrocytes plays an important role during myelination and remyelination in the brain.In many cases,the microenvironment surrounding demyelination lesions contains inhibitory molecules,which lead to repair failure.Accordingly,blocking the activity of these inhibitory factors in the extracellular matrix should lead to more successful remyelination.In the central nervous system,oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath.We performed primary cell culture and found that a natural increase in fibronectin promoted the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors during the initial stage of remyelination while inhibiting oligodendrocyte differentiation.Poly-L-ornithine blocked these inhibitory effects without compromising fibronectin’s pro-proliferation function.Experiments showed that poly-L-ornithine activated the Erk1/2 signaling pathway that is necessary in the early stages of differentiation,as well as PI3K signaling pathways that are needed in the mid-late stages.When poly-L-ornithine was tested in a lysolecithin-induced animal model of focal demyelination,it enhanced myelin regeneration and promoted motor function recovery.These findings suggest that poly-L-ornithine has the potential to be a treatment option for clinical myelin sheath injury.

摘要： Chronic high glucose(HG) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts. This study aims to examine the role of E26 transformation-specific 1(ETS1) in the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation and proliferation caused by chronic HG, as well as the underlying mechanism. Chronic HG treatment downregulated ETS1 expression and inhibited differentiation and proliferation of MC3 T3-E1 cells. Downregulation of ETS1 expression inhibited the differentiation and proliferation of MC3 T3-E1 cells under normal glucose conditions, and ETS1 overexpression attenuated the damage to cells exposed to chronic HG. In addition, ETS1 overexpression reversed the decrease in runt-related transcription factor 2(Runx2) expression in MC3 T3-E1 cells treated with chronic HG. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays, we confirmed that ETS1 directly bound to and increased the activity of the Runx2 promoter. In summary, our study suggested that ETS1 was involved in the inhibitory effect of chronic HG on osteogenic differentiation and proliferation and may be a potential therapeutic target for diabetes-induced osteoporosis.

摘要： An RNA-binding protein,LIN28A was initially discovered in nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and regulated stem cell differentiation and proliferation.With the aid of mouse models and cancer stem cells models,LIN28A demonstrated a similar role in mammalian stem cells.Subsequent studies revealed LIN28A’s roles in regulating cell cycle and growth,tissue repair,and metabolism,especially glucose metabolism.Through regulation by pluripotency and neurotrophic factors,LIN28A performs these roles through let-7 dependent(binding to let-7)or independent(binding directly to mature mRNA)pathways.Elevated LIN28A levels are associated with cancers such as breast,colon,and ovarian cancers.Overexpressed LIN28A has been implicated in liver diseases and Rett syndrome whereas loss of LIN28A was linked to Parkinson’s disease.LIN28A inhibitors,LIN28A-specific nanobodies,and deubiquitinases targeting LIN28A could be feasible options for cancer treatments while drugs upregulating LIN28A could be used in regenerative therapy for neuropathies.We will review the upstream and downstream signalling pathways of LIN28A and its physiological functions.Then,we will examine current research and gaps in research regarding its mechanisms in conditions such as cancers,liver diseases,and neurological diseases.We will also look at the therapeutic potential of LIN28A in RNA-targeted therapies including small interfering RNAs and RNAprotein interactions.

摘要： Objective:Sertoli cells(SCs)provide physical support and material supply for germ cells and participate in the formation of blood-testis barrier.The number of SCs is directly proportional to the number of germ cells.And mature SCs ensure the growth of germ cells and the production of sperm.In this study,we explored the effect and underlying mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides(LBP)on primary SCs in young rats.Methods:Primary SCs were isolated from the testis of 20-day old rats.The cells were then treated with different concentrations of LBP.Immunocytochemistry was used to detect the expression of Ki67 and the androgen receptor(AR),and western blotting was used to detect the expression of cytokeratin-18(CK-18),AR and phosphorylated Akt(Ser473)in SCs.Results:The number of SCs increased significantly after LBP treatment,and the 100 mg/mL.LBP group had 14%more cells than the control group.The expression of Ki67 in LBP treated groups also increased significantly.LBP inhibited the expression of cytokeratin 18 in SCs.Besides,LBP increased the expression of AR on SCs and promoted the activation of Akt at the ser473 phosphorylation site.Conclusion:LBP promotes the proliferation of immature SCs in young rats and also accelerates their differentiation and maturation.This seems to be associated with activation of the Akt signaling pathway via up-regulation of AR.

摘要： Background:Skeletal muscle development,a long-term and complex process,is controlled by a set of the myogenic genes.Circular RNAs(circRNAs),a class of noncoding RNA,have been shown to regulate various biological processes.Recent studies indicate circRNAs may be involved in myogenesis,but the role and regulatory mechanism of circRNAs in myogenesis is largely unknown.In the present study,circCPE was firstly found to promote the bovine myoblast proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis and differentiation by influencing the expression of FOXC1 in a miR138-mediated manner.And in vivo experiments revealed that overexpression of circCPE attenuates skeletal muscle regeneration.Results:We identified a novel circular RNA circCPE by analyzing circRNAs sequencing data of bovine muscle tissue.Sequencing verification,RNase R treatment and Actinomycin D treatment confirmed the circular nature of circCPE in bovine muscle.Functional assays showed that overexpression of circCPE could inhibit bovine myoblast apoptosis and differentiation,as well as facilitate cell proliferation.Moreover,in vivo experiments revealed that overexpression of circCPE attenuates skeletal muscle regeneration.In consideration of circRNA action as miRNAs sponge,we found that circCPE harbors miR-138 binding sites and absorbed miR-138.Mechanistically,the rescue experiments showed that the overexpression of circCPE can counteract the inhibitory effect of miR-138 on the cell proliferation and the accelerated effects on the differentiation and apoptosis.Subsequently,we found that circCPE sequester the inhibitory effect of miR-138 on FOXC1 so as to involve in myogenesis.Conclusions:Collectively,we constructed a novel circCPE/miR-138/FOXC1 regulatory network in bovine myogenesis,which further provide stronger evidence that circRNA involved in muscle development acting as miRNA sponge.

摘要： Objective:To explore the general differentiation and treatment of insomnia by Professor Gao Ying through drug clustering and group correspondence analysis,and provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:Collect retrospective case data from outpatient system,use SPSS20.0 software to perform frequency and cluster analysis on high-frequency symptoms and drug data,and perform corresponding analysis on the clustered drug syndrome groups.Results:A total of 349 consultations in 204 patients were included.Cluster analysis of 35 symptoms and 40 flavors with a frequency of more than 10%resulted in a corresponding relationship between 7 symptom groups,6 drug groups and 5 drug syndrome groups.The medicine symptom group has a high degree of matching;the doctors distinguish and tre at insomnia with calming,clearing heat,nourishing yin,liver,spleen,qi and phlegm as the core treatment,with consistent decoction,two to pill,lily ground Huang Tang,Lily Zhimu Decoction,Wendan Decoction,Sini San,Xiao Chai Hu Tang,Xiaoyao San,etc.are commonly used prescriptions;the physician's experience is to add or subtract Danshen and Zao Ren drink,which has a wide range of applicability to various insomnia syndrome.Conclusion:Based on the cluster analysis of drug symptoms and group correspondence analysis,it can reveal the pathogenesis,treatment and class information hidden in the data of drug symptoms,which can reflect the general law of physicians'syndrome differentiation and treatment of insomnia.This method has a reference for the exploration of TCM clinical experience significance;The results of this study can provide feedback to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.

摘要： Objective Melanoblasts are the cell source of regeneration for pigment restoration.The ability to differentiate into mature melanocytes is the essential feature of melanoblasts in depigmentation diseases.Cold atmospheric plasma is an ionized gas with near-room temperature and highly reactive species that has been shown to induce stem cell differentiation.The aim of the study was to explore the effect of cold atmospheric plasma on the differentiation of melanoblast progenitor cells.Methods In this study,melanoblasts were exposed to the plasma jet and the cell morphology was observed.The cell cycle and cell proliferation were detected.Furthermore,the cell immunofluorescence and the detection of melanin particle and nitric oxide were carried out to investigate the differentiation of melanoblast progenitor cells.Results Cells that were treated with the plasma had longer and more synaptic structures,and the G1 phase of cell cycle was prolonged in the treated group.More melanin synthesis-related proteins and melanin particles were produced after plasma treatment.Nitric oxide was one of the active components generated by the plasma jet,and the nitric oxide content in the cell culture medium of the treated group increased.Conclusion These results indicate that an increase in nitric oxide production caused by a plasma jet can promote cell differentiation.The application of plasma provides an innovative strategy for the treatment of depigmentation diseases.

摘要： In insulin-dependent diabetes,the isletβcells do not produce enough insulin and the patients must receive exogenous insulin to control blood sugar.However,there are still many deficiencies in exogenous insulin supplementation.Therefore,the replacement of destroyed functionalβcells with insulin-secreting cells derived from functional stem cells is a good idea as a new therapeutic idea.This review introduces the development schedule of mouse and human embryonic islets.The differences between mouse and human pancreas embryo development were also listed.Accordingly to the different sources of stem cells,the important research achievements on the differentiation of insulin-secretingβcells of stem cells and the current research status of stem cell therapy for diabetes were reviewed.Stem cell replacement therapy is a promising treatment for diabetes,caused by defective insulin secretion,but there are still many problems to be solved,such as the biosafety and reliability of treatment,the emergence of tumors during treatment,untargeted differentiation and autoimmunity,etc.Therefore,further understanding of stem cell therapy for insulin is needed.