摘要：
Generally,Wage refers to the labor remuneration that the laborers should obtain after labor.How to pay for this kind of labor remuneration is related to the nature of ownership and the development goal,that is,the so-called"essentialism". In capitalist countries,capitalists pursue the proliferation of value in order to gain greater profits,reflecting a significant tool o-rientation.Therefore,the switch between piecework wage and time wage is very flexible.In socialist countries,however,be-cause of the difference of"socialist essence"understood by the rulers,the wage system has also changed significantly in differ-ent countries and different historical stages.The Soviet Union's"socialist formula"was the blend between Soviet regime and E-lectrification target.The development of productivity and labor productivity was not only the current demand which defended the fruits of the socialist construction,but also the ideological purpose of socialism defeating capitalism.Tool orientation and value orientation integrated to one,leading to the wage system around the development of production through material incen-tive.The"socialist formula"in Mao's era emphasized the transformation of production relations between people,opposed to im-prove labor productivity practices by material incentives.At the same time,the supply system of practice,equalitarianism and"bourgeois right"concept made the principle of distribution according to work challenged,so piecework system repeatedly hal-ted in the planned economy period.In the period of reform and opening up,with the liberation of productive forces and the de-velopment of productive forces is regarded as an integral part of the"superiority of socialism".Tool orientation and value orien-tation are combined into one.The legitimacy of piecework wage system has been popularized in enterprises.%工资是劳动力价值或价格的转化形式,一般是指劳动者付出劳动后应当获取的劳动报酬.如何给付这种劳动报酬,与所有制性质以及发展目标,即所谓"本质论"有关.在资本主义国家,资本家追求价值的增殖,以求获取更大的利润,体现出显著的工具取向,因此在计件工资和计时工资之间的切换非常灵活.而在社会主义国家,由于执政者所理解的"社会主义本质"存在差异,工资制度在不同国家及不同历史阶段也出现了显著变化.苏联的"社会主义公式"是苏维埃政权与电气化目标的混合,生产力的发展和劳动生产率的提高,既有保卫社会主义建设果实的现实性需求,也有社会主义战胜资本主义的意识形态目的,形成了工具取向与价值取向的合二为一,导致工资制度围绕着如何通过物质激励发展生产而展开,计件工资制由此在苏联长期成为主要的工资发放形式.毛泽东时代的"社会主义公式"则强调变革人与人之间的生产关系,反对单纯通过物质激励提高劳动生产率的做法;同时,供给制实践、"均贫富"思想以及"资产阶级法权"概念的影响,使得按劳分配原则受到质疑,被认为具有物质激励特点、体现按劳分配原则的计件工资制在价值取向上难以得到认同,这是计划经济时期多次叫停计件制的重要原因.改革开放时期,随着解放生产力、发展生产力被视为"社会主义优越性"的组成部分,工具取向与价值取向合二为一,计件工资制获得实施的合法性,得以在企业中重新推广.
