urine

摘要： Dear editor,Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT2I)reduce the majority of reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubules,which reduces blood glucose levels by allowing excretion of excess glucose in the urine.[1]By inhibiting glucose reabsorption,they increase the osmotic pressure of urine resulting in diuresis which can cause a reduction of blood pressure.[2]Fortunately,as these drugs are not directly implicated in altering glucose metabolism or causing insulin secretion,SGLT2I monotherapy does not result in severe hypoglycemia.

摘要： The mdx mouse is a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD),a fatal progressive muscle wasting disease caused by dystrophin deficiency,and is used most widely in preclinical studies.Mice with dystrophin deficiency,however,show milder muscle strength phenotypes than humans.In human,the introduction of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kit revealed a more than 700-fold increase in titin N-terminal fragment levels in the urine of pediatric patients with DMD.Notably,the urinary titin level declines with aging,reflecting progression of muscle wasting.In mouse,development of a highly sensitive ELISA kit has been awaited.Here,a sandwich ELISA kit to measure titin N-terminal fragment levels in mouse urine was developed.The developed kit showed good linearity,recovery,and repeatability in measuring recombinant or natural mouse titin N-terminal fragment levels.The titin N-terminal fragment concentration in the urine of mdx mice was more than 500-fold higher than that of normal mice.Urinary titin was further analyzed by extending the collection of urine samples to both young(3-11 weeks old)and aged(56-58 weeks old)mdx mice.The concentration in the young group was significantly higher than that in the aged group.It was concluded that muscle protein breakdown is active and persistent in mdx mice even though the muscle phenotype is mild.Our results provide an opportunity to develop DMD treatments that aim to alleviate muscle protein breakdown by monitoring urinary titin levels.

摘要： BACKGROUND The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSC)has been a game-changer in translational and regenerative medicine;however,their large-scale applicability is still hampered by the scarcity of accessible,safe,and reproducible protocols.The porcine model is a large biomedical model that enables translational applications,including gene editing,long term in vivo and offspring analysis;therefore,suitable for both medicine and animal production.AIM To reprogramme in vitro into pluripotency,and herein urine-derived cells(UDCs)were isolated from porcine urine.METHODS The UDCs were reprogrammed in vitro using human or murine octamer-binding transcription factor 4(OCT4),SRY-box2(SOX2),Kruppel-like factor 4(KLF4),and C-MYC,and cultured with basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)supplementation.To characterize the putative porcine iPSCs three clonal lineages were submitted to immunocytochemistry for alkaline phosphatase(AP),OCT4,SOX2,NANOG,TRA181 and SSEA 1 detection.Endogenous transcripts related to the pluripotency(OCT4,SOX2 and NANOG)were analyzed via reverse transcription quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction in different time points during the culture,and all three lineages formed embryoid bodies(EBs)when cultured in suspension without bFGF supplementation.RESULTS The UDCs were isolated from swine urine samples and when at passage 2 submitted to in vitro reprogramming.Colonies of putative iPSCs were obtained only from UDCs transduced with the murine factors(mOSKM),but not from human factors(hOSKM).Three clonal lineages were isolated and further cultured for at least 28 passages,all the lineages were positive for AP detection,the OCT4,SOX2,NANOG markers,albeit the immunocytochemical analysis also revealed heterogeneous phenotypic profiles among lineages and passages for NANOG and SSEA1,similar results were observed in the abundance of the endogenous transcripts related to pluripotent state.All the clonal lineages when cultured in suspension without bFGF were able to form EBs expressing ectoderm and mesoderm layers transcripts.CONCLUSION For the first time UDCs were isolated in the swine model and reprogrammed into a pluripotentlike state,enabling new numerous applications in both human or veterinary regenerative medicine.

摘要： Objective: To establish the diagnostic concentration range of urine cystatin C and the control level of urine cystatin C for patients with renal injury, and to help promote the establishment of standardization of urine cystatin C detection. Methods: 150 urine specimens and blood specimens from kidney injury patients and healthy people were collected, and stored in the refrigerator at -80°C for later use. After the specimens were collected, they were uniformly tested. Comparing the difference of blood and urine cystatin C between the kidney injury group and the healthy control group, the application value of urine cystatin C in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney injury was put forward. Results: The concentrations of cystatin C in urine and blood of renal injury group were 1.04 ± 2.14 mg/L and 1.94 ± 2.36 mg/L respectively;the concentrations of cystatin C in urine and blood of healthy control group were 0.11 ± 0.05 mg/L and 0.83 ± 0.20 mg/L respectively. The urine and blood cystatin C of the kidney injury group were significantly higher than those of the healthy control group. Compared the results of the two groups, the t values were 5.3210 and 5.7399, respectively. The P value is 0.0000;the difference is statistically significant;in comparison of urine and blood cystatin C in the kidney injury group, the value is that t = 3.4600, P = 0.0003;in comparison of urine and blood cystatin C in the healthy control group, the value is that t = 42.7744, P = 0.0000. By investigating the urine cystatin C concentration of patients with kidney injury, whether it is kidney injury or healthy controls, urine cystatin C is significantly lower than blood cystatin C. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the concentration of urinary cystatin C in the healthy control group is 0.11 ± 0.05 mg/L. The reference interval of urinary cystatin C proposed in this study is 0.06 - 0.16 mg/L, which can be established by comprehensive multi center research. Through a multi-center study of the baseline level of urinary cystatin C in patients with renal injury, the diagnostic concentration interval of urinary cystatin C and the control level of urine cystatin C for renal injury patients were established.

摘要： 2022年2月15日,浙江大学公共卫生学院周舟教授团队在《环境国际》(Environment International)杂志发表题为“Cadmium perturbed metabolomic signature in pancreatic beta cells correlates with disturbed metabolite profile in human urine”的研究论文(DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107139),首次揭示了镉诱导的代谢紊乱在胰岛β细胞功能障碍中的重要作用,强调了从人群水平控制镉暴露从而降低糖尿病发病风险的重要性。

摘要： Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are lipid-bound vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space.There are three types of EVs,including exosomes(30–150 nm)[1],microvesicles(100–1000 nm),and apoptotic bodies(50–4000 nm).EVs are also important intercellular communication carriers in many physiological and pathological processes such as immune response,tumor invasion,and metastasis[2,3].EVs circulate in various body fluids(e.g.,peripheral blood and urine),while carrying genetic information(e.g.,proteins and nucleic acids)from the parent cells[2,4,5].Thus,their source can be identified through gene analysis[6–10].

摘要： BACKGROUND Due to new restrictions on the use of bisphenol A(BPA),industries are beginning to replace it with derived molecules such as bisphenol S and F(BPS and BPF).There is extensive evidence in the academic literature on the potential health effects of BPA,which is known to be a diabetogenic molecule.However,there are few publications related to new compounds derived from BPA.AIM To perform an epidemiological study of urinary BPS and BPF in the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)cohort,and analyze their possible relationship with diabetes mellitus.METHODS NHANES datasets from 2013 to 2016 were used due to the urinary BPF and BPS availability.Data from 3658 adults were analyzed to perform regression analysis exploring the possible relationship between BPA-derived compounds and diabetes.RESULTS Descriptive statistics,linear regression modeling,and logistic regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between urinary BPS,but not BPF,and diabetes risk.Additionally,a relationship was observed between both compounds and hypertension and a slight relationship between BPF and dyslipidemia.CONCLUSION In the present study,a strong relationship between urinary BPS,not BPF,and diabetes risk has been determined.BPA substitute molecules do not exempt the population from potential health risks.

摘要： Objective The aim of the study was to determine the association of urinary levels of estradiol(E_(2))and 2-methoxyestradiol(2-MeOE_(2))with the occurrence and development of endometrial cancer.Methods In this case-control study,24-h urine specimens were collected from 28 postmenopausal patients with endometrial cancer and 28 postmenopausal healthy female controls.The concentration of 2-MeOE_(2) was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction.The concentration of E_(2) was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Estrogen levels were different between the patients with endometrial cancer and controls.The relative quantity of E_(2) in the case group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05),whereas that of 2-MeOE_(2) was lower in the case group than that in the control group(P<0.05).The ratio of E_(2)-to-2-MeOE_(2) in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The results of this study indicate an imbalance of estrogen metabolites in endometrial carcinogenesis.Reduced 2-MeOE_(2) levels and elevated E_(2)-to-2-MeOE_(2) ratio may be used as potential biomarkers for the risk assessment of estrogen-induced endometrial cancer.

摘要： 枫糖尿病(maple syrup urine disease,MSUD)是一种常染色体隐性遗传病。该病首次由Menkes等[1]在1954年报道,由于支链α-酮酸脱氢酶(branched chain alpha⁃ketoacid dehydrogenase complex,BCKD)复合体缺陷导致亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸等多种支链氨基酸的代谢异常。这些支链氨基酸及其代谢产物产物会产生神经毒性,α-酮酸经尿液排出产生类似枫糖的特殊香气。该病发病率极低,且临床表现不典型,常被误诊为败血症等其他疾病不能早期诊断。现报道1例经典型MSUD新生儿的诊疗经过及遗传学信息,并对相关文献进行复习,以期提高对新生儿MUSD的临床及基因诊断的认识,该研究经医院伦理委员会批准(SYSKY⁃2022⁃076⁃01),豁免知情同意。

摘要： Dear editor,A 55-year-old man presented with dyspnea and involuntary dribbling of urine for 1 month.He had history of straining during micturition and weak urinary stream for a year.On examination,he was disoriented and had abdominal distension.Ultrasound revealed marked ascites,pleural effusion,bilateral hydroureteronephrosis,and distended bladder with prostatic urethral calculus.A non-contrast computerized tomography scan additionally showed thickened bladder wall with florid mucosal calcification suggestive of encrusted cystitis and a 2.9 cm×2.5 cm calculus in the prostatic urethra extending to the bulbar urethra(Fig.1).His hemoglobin was 6 g/dL;urea and creatinine were elevated(114 mg/dL and 8.4 mg/dL,respectively);and the leucocyte count was 16.3×109/L.After initial resuscitation,ultrasound guided supra-pubic catheterization was performed.The urine pH was 8.4 while the microscopy revealed numerous pus cells,bacteria,and inorganic crystals.A nephrology consultation was taken and considering the clinical picture of encrusted cystitis,he started on intravenous vancomycin.He also received a session of hemodialysis.The patient died of cardiovascular collapse on the second post admission day.The urine culture report,obtained posthumously,revealed Corynebacterium urealyticum corroborating the diagnosis of encrusted cystitis.The strain was multidrug resistant and showed only sensitivity to teicoplanin and vancomycin.