acute

摘要： Aphasia is an acquired neurogenic language disorder that makes patients unable to comprehend or formulate language.Along with language impairment,patients suffering from aphasia face difficulties in reading,writing,and expressing themselves.The causes of aphasia are stroke,trauma,brain tumors,infections,and injury,particularly to the left hemisphere.About 20%of acute stroke cases in the world account for aphasia.Aphasia is categorized into:non-fluent and fluent forms.Non-fluent is further classified based on language and comprehension into:1)Broca’s aphasia,2)transcortical motor aphasia,3)global aphasia,and 4)transcortical mixed aphasia.

摘要： The anosmia and hypogeusia that accompany the syndromic manifestations of coronavirus disease2019(COVID-19)have become an increasing area of research during the current pandemic.These deficits are experienced as a major concern and are found to compromise the lifestyle of patients during and after acute phase of COVID-19.The key issue is the prevalence of smell and taste disorders that have been reported in some patients after partial recovery from COVID-19.

摘要： The brain has a high metabolic rate and consumes approximately 20%of the total energy in the body at any given time.Although it requires a large amount of energy to function,the brain cannot store significant amounts of energy making it exquisitely dependent on constant nutrient supply via blood flow.When blood flow to the brain is impaired,such as during stroke,there are rapid and severe consequences for the neurons that depend on this constant energy supply.

摘要： Ketamine,a multimodal dissociative anesthetic,produces powerful analgesia at subanesthetic doses in traumatically injured patients.As ketamine does not induce respiratory depression or hemodynamic instability,the Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care for the US military recommends the use of subanesthetic doses of ketamine for acute pain management(Butler et al.,2014).Additionally,ketamine may have immunomodulatory effects after injury at subanesthetic doses,mediating the balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory processes(Loix et al.,2011;De Kock et al.,2013).

摘要： Degeneration of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)is one of the hallmarks of common optic neuropathies(Weinreb et al.,2014).Glaucoma,the most common opt ic neuropathy,is characterized by degeneration of RGCs.Acute angle-closure glaucoma is a serious ocular condition caused by a rapid increase in intraocular pressure(IOP)(Emanuel et al.,2014).One of the experimental models which could mimic this condition is a murine model of retinal ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury(Johnson and Tomarev,2010).Retinal I/R injury can induce a rapid and transient elevation of IOP,which contributes to the degeneration of RGCs.Although understanding the pathophysiology of the degeneration of RGCs was considerably attempted,the major contributing pathways have not been yet elucidated(Calkins and Horner,2012).

摘要： Traumatic brain injury(TBI)remains a major cause of disability among young adults in both civilian and military settings contributing to a high burden on healthcare systems(Badhiwala et al.,2019).Sequel of TBI,even mild injuries,include motor and sensory dysfunction,neurocognitive decline,neuropsychiatric complications,as well as increased risk of neurodegenerative and neurovascular events such as Alzheimer’s disease and stroke(Breunig et al.,2013;Burke et al.,2013;Li et al.,2017).Despite the acute nature of the insult in TBI,pathological changes in the traumatized brain are better recognized as a chronic rather than an acute neurological disease,a phenomenon that remains under-investigated.

摘要： Dear editor,According to the World Health Organization,ischemic heart disease and stroke were the top 2leading causes of death in 2019.[1]In the past few years,intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator(rt-PA)has been a significantly effective treatment to increase survival and reduce mortality in acute ischemic stroke.[2,3]However,as the number of patients who receive alteplase is increasing,a rare but potentially life-threatening adverse complication of alteplase administration is becoming more common-orolingual angioedema(OA).[4-6]

摘要： Tendon pathology is characterized by damage to the tendon structural integrity with disruption of collagen fibers(Nourissat et al.,2015).Acute tendon injuries show a macroscopic discontinuity,ranging from partial to complete tendon rupture.They involve inflammation and lead to loss of motion.In chronic conditions(or tendinopathy),symptoms include changes in both locomotor and sensorial functions of the tendon(Nourissat et al.,2015;Scott et al.,2020).Inconsistency in terminology for cases of painful tendon disorders is found,but recently the term tendinopathy was established in consensus as preferable for cases with persistent tendon pain and loss of function related to mechanical loading.This term excludes a problem in clinical practice-i.e.,specification of the presence of a particular pathological or biochemical process(Scott et al.,2020).

摘要： Pain is a common event in many scenarios involving healthcare, from birth to death, in the hospital or outside of it. The overall purpose of this work was to critically review articles on types of pain and options employed in managing pain. Some electronic sources like google scholar, Ovid MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Embase were used to source for information. The articles were reviewed according to the various themes of the topic. From the different sources pain is categorized as acute or chronic with physical, psychological and social characteristics. Effective management of pain utilizes both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapy. Pharmacological therapy employs non-opioids medications. Prolonged or unnecessary use of opioids causes some harmful side effects to the patient. Non-pharmacologic therapy plays a significant role and should be included in the multidisciplinary treatment plan. Nurses are members of the healthcare team who spend most of their time with patients as such they must work in collaboration with other healthcare professionals to facilitate patient’s recovery from pain. Healthcare professionals should also make use of internationally recognized guidelines during practice.

摘要： Background: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an acute systemic disorder characterized by IgA associated vasculitis. The available data indicate an inherited predisposition to disease with triggering autoimmune phenomena. Hence, we evaluated prospectively the role of a new autoimmune regimen in treatment of its severe nephrotic/nephritic flares associated with non-crescentic nephritis in adult patients. Patients and methods: The regimen consisted of an initial induction phase of 3-month Prednisone and Mycophenolate followed by a maintenance phase of Mycophenolate alone for 2 years. Results: They were satisfactory with complete remission in 5 of 7 patients and partial in 2. Creatinine clearance was normalized in patients with complete remission and remained stable in the partially-responsive ones. Conclusion: Our study has shown the short- and long-term safety and efficacy of such autoimmune regimen directed towards the autoimmune triggering factors in severe forms of non-crescentic HSP.