testis

摘要： Background and Aim: Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is a rare form of extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. It represents for 1% - 2% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and mostly affects the elderly. We describe an interesting case of PTL managed by a combined multimodal approach with a review of the literature. Case Presentation: Patient aged 56 years, consulted for an increase in the volume of the right testicle without associated pain, all evolving in the context of a slight decline in general condition. Clinical examination revealed a large painless mass in the right scrotal bursa. A scrotal ultrasound showed a right intra-testicular mass. The patient had undergone inguinal orchiectomy. Pathological analysis showed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the testis. Whole-body 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18-FDG-PET-CT) showed no suspicious hypermetabolism. Lumbar puncture did not reveal malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The patient then received 6 cycles of chemotherapy according to the R-CHOP protocol (Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone) and 2 cycles of intrathecal methotrexate. After chemotherapy, scrotal radiotherapy at a dose of 30 Gy was delivered. The evolution was marked by the death of the patient six months after the end of the scrotal radiotherapy following a diffuse lymph node relapse with a profound alteration of the general state. Conclusion: The treatment depends imperatively on the stage of the disease. The therapeutic approach is multimodal and combined based on orchiectomy, systemic and intrathecal treatment and scrotal radiotherapy. PTL is an aggressive malignant with a poor prognosis. Randomized trials are needed to define a better therapeutic strategy.

摘要： Background:Nicotine administration can generate severe oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.Royal jelly,with its antioxidant properties,acts as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species.This study describes the apitherapy effects of royal jelly on testicular damage following nicotine administration.Methods:Forty-eight male BALB/c mice were divided into 8 groups(n=6):saline,3 different doses of royal jelly(100,150,and 200 mg/kg body weight(BW)per day),nicotine(1.5 mg/kg),and 3 different groups of Nic+Roy(1.5 mg/kg of Nic+100,150,and 200 mg/kg BW per day of royal jelly).Nicotine was administrated intraperitoneally,and royal jelly was prescribed orally for 10 consecutive days.Serum levels of hormones(testosterone,luteinizing hormone,and follicle-stimulating hormone),total antioxidant capacity,nitric oxide(NO)status,malondialdehyde levels,sperm DNA fragmentation,sperm parameters,histopathological changes(H&E staining),immunohistochemistry against apoptotic proteins,and gene expression of Bcl-2,p53,Caspase-3,and Nrf2(real-time PCR)were assessed to evaluate the molecular and histological changes.Results:Hormone levels,sperm parameters,and status of antioxidants were decreased significantly(p<.05)following nicotine administration.Moreover,royal jelly treatment normalized hormonal and antioxidant characteristics,decreased apoptotic gene expression,increased Nfr2 gene expression,and restored histopathological alteration to the physiological status significantly(p<.05).Conclusion:Royal jelly upregulates the antioxidant status,inhibits the mitochondrialdependent apoptosis pathway,and increases the rate of proliferation.This therapeutic agent effectively protected the testis against nicotine-associated damages by antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.

摘要： BACKGROUND Bisphenol A(BPA)is present in many plastic products and food packaging.On the other hand,fertaric acid(FA)is a hydroxycinnamic acid.AIM To investigate the effect of FA on BPA-related liver,kidney,and testis toxicity,DNA breakdown,and histopathology in male rats.METHODS Thirty male albino rats were divided into five equal groups(6 rats/group):Control,paraffin oil,FA-,BPA-,and FA+BPA-treated groups.The control and paraffin oil groups were administered orally with 1 mL distilled water and 1 mL paraffin oil,respectively.The FA-,BPA-,and FA+BPA-treated groups were administered orally with FA(45 mg/kg,bw)dissolved in 1 mL distilled water,BPA(4 mg/kg,bw)dissolved in 1 mL paraffin oil,and FA(45 mg/kg,bw)followed by BPA(4 mg/kg,bw),respectively.All these treatments were given once a day for 6 wk.RESULTS BPA induced a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase,acid phosphatase,sodium,potassium and chloride,testosterone,dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,and testis protein levels but a highly significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase,lactate dehydrogenase,bilirubin,urea,creatinine,uric acid,luteinizing hormone,follicle stimulating hormone,sex hormone binding globulin,blood urea nitrogen,and testis cholesterol levels.Also,FA inhibited the degradation of liver,kidney,and testis DNA content.Oral administration of FA to BPA-treated rats restored all the above parameters to normal levels.CONCLUSION FA ameliorates BPA-induced liver,kidney,and testis toxicity,DNA breakdown,and histopathological changes.

摘要： The number and quality of sperm are decreased due to bisphenol A(BPA) exposure, an endocrine-disrupting chemical on the male reproductive system, especially in advanced paternal age(APA). Procyanidin C-1(PCY-1), an antioxidant from grape seed(Vitis vinifera L.), has demonstrated anti-viral, anti-melanogenic and immunostimulatory effects. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects of PCY-1 intervention on sperm parameters, testis morphological changes, serum testosterone, oestradiol, and luteinizing hormone(LH) concentrations and the expression of apoptotic(Bax and Bcl-2) and mitochondria-related(Mfn1 and Opa1) genes in BPA-exposed aged mice. Results revealed that PCY-1 intervention improves aged male fertility in BPA-exposed conditions by decreasing abnormal sperms percentage and increasing spermatogenic cell diameter and epithelial height. PCY-1 also decreased oestradiol, and increased LH and testosterone levels. The gene expression of Bax was significantly down-regulated by PCY-1 intervention. In contrast, Bcl-2 was substantially up-regulated. Expression of Mfn1 and Opa1 genes were also significantly up-regulated in the PCY intervention group. Hence, it is demonstrated that PCY-1 was able to mitigate the adverse effects of BPA on reproductive parameters of aged mice. Collectively, we postulated that PCY-1 has a potential role in protecting the ageing male reproductive system against the damaging impacts of BPA.

摘要： Objective:Testicular torsion is a common urological emergency,mainly in the younger population.Our aim is to evaluate the efficacy and value of testicular echogenicity in predicting testicular viability.Methods:Patients who were older than 13 years of age and were discharged with the diagnosis of testicular torsion were reviewed.Data obtained included demographic data,history,physical examination results,ultrasound findings including size,color Doppler flow,and echotexture,torsion degrees,and surgical procedure.In addition,the histopathological findings of patients who underwent orchiectomy were reviewed.Results:A total of 71 cases were diagnosed with testicular torsion between January 2016 to December 2018.The mean age at presentation was 20.4±7.0 years.The average time from the onset of pain until the presentation was 36.0±55.1 h.Out of the 71 ultrasound scans reviewed,45.1%showed homogenous echotexture and 54.9%showed heterogeneous echotexture of the affected testis.On scrotal exploration,the mean degree of torsion was 475.7±301.8 degrees;66.2%of the patients had a viable testis;and bilateral orchidopexy was done.The remaining 33.8%had a non-viable testis.Homogenous echotexture was after an average of 13.5 h of scrotal pain,while heterogeneous echotexture presented after 53.7 h of scrotal pain.There was a statistically significant difference between the time of presentation and echotexture changes on scrotal ultrasonography(p<0.01).The relationship between echotexture changes and testicular viability was statistically significant as well(p<0.001).Conclusion:A long time since the onset of pain coupled with heterogeneous changes in testicular parenchyma is a good indicator of non-viability.However,we still advocate for surgical exploration as the gold standard in diagnosis and management.

摘要： The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid against gonadal toxicity caused by cyclophosphamide, an important anticancer drug. A total of 28 rats were divided into 4 groups, with 7 animals in each group. The groups were created as follows;Group 1 (control) (n = 7): Subjects received only 1 ml of 0.9% saline solution per day intraperitoneally for 14 days. Group 2 (Rosmarinic Acid) (n = 7): The subjects were given 20 mg/kg Rosmarinic acid intraperitoneally for 14 days. Group 3 (Cyclophosphamide) (n = 7): Only 1 ml of 0.9% saline solution was administered intraperitoneally to the subjects for the first 7 days. Cyclophosphamide 20 mg/kg per day was administered intraperitoneally for the last 7 days (from the 8th day). Group 4 (Rosmarinic Acid + Cyclophosphamide) (n = 7): The subjects were given 20 mg/kg Rosmarinic acid daily intraperitoneally for 14 days. From the 8th day of the experiment to the end of the experiment (last 7 days of the experiment), 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide was given intraperitoneally daily. At the end of the experiment, body weights of all rats were measured first. Afterwards, the weights of testicular tissue samples were measured and the averages of the weights were taken. Routine tissue follows up was performed on the testicular tissues taken. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to tissue sections of 5 μm thickness. As a result of the statistical analysis, it was determined that cyclophosmadine decreased body and testicular weight, but rosmarinic acid had a protective effect on the contrary. It was concluded that cyclophosmadine caused damage to the basement membrane structure, Sertoli, Leydig and germ cells, but these structures were preserved due to the protective effect of rosmarinic acid. Despite the toxic effect of CP, rosmarinic acid is thought to have a significant curative effect on the spermatogenetic process and seminiferous tubule structure in the gonads.

摘要： Testicular damage is one of the most hazardous effects as it’s associated with azoospermia.Busulfan(Bu)is a highly toxic chemotherapeutic drug that affects testis.Thirty male Swiss albino mice divided into six groups of 5 animals each.Control(oral 0.9%saline daily for 75 days);Mel(20 mg/kg/day orally for 30 days);ZnO NPs(5 mg/kg/day i.p.for 30 days);BU(single i.p.injection of 40 mg/kg and then left for 45 days);BU+Mel(single 40 mg/kg dose of BU and left for 45 days followed by 20 mg/kg/day Mel for 30 days);BU+ZnO NPs(single dose of 40 mg/kg of BU and left for 45 days,then 5 mg/kg/day ZnO NPs for 30 days).Preparation and Characterization of ZnO NPs.Specimens from testis prepared for ultrastructural investigations using TEM after Masson’s trichrome and toluidine blue staining.BU induced histological and ultrastructural damage of the testis.Moreover,the present results could be concluded that Mel or ZnO NPs can protect the testicular tissue against ultrastructural alterations induced by BU by its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.

摘要： Background:Spermatogenesis is an intricate developmental process during which undifferentiated spermatogonia,containing spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs),undergo self-renewal and differentiation to generate eventually mature spermatozoa.Spermatogenesis occurs in seminiferous tubules within the testis,and the seminiferous tubules harbor Sertoli and germ cells.Sertoli cells are an essential somatic cell type within the microenvironment that support and steer male germ cell development,whereas spermatogonia are the primitive male germ cells at the onset of spermatogenesis.While the developmental progression of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia has been well established in mice,much less is known in other mammalian species including pigs.Results:To acquire knowledge of Sertoli cell and spermatogonial development in pigs,here we collected as many as nine ages of Duroc porcine testes from the neonate to sexual maturity,i.e.,testes from 7-,30-,50-,70-,90-,110-,130-,150-and 210-day-old boars,and performed histological and immunohistochemical analyses on testis sections.We first examined the development of spermatogenic cells and seminiferous tubules in porcine testes.Then,by immunofluorescence staining for marker proteins(AMH,SOX9,DBA,UCHL1,VASA,KIT,Ki67 and/or PCNA),we delved into the proliferative activity and development of Sertoli cells and of spermatogonial subtypes(pro-,undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonia).Besides,by immunostaining forβ-catenin and ZO-1,we studied the establishment of the blood-testis barrier in porcine testes.Conclusions:In this longitudinal study,we have systematically investigated the elaborate Sertoli cell and spermatogonial developmental patterns in pigs from the neonate to sexual maturity that have so far remained largely unknown.The findings not only extend the knowledge about spermatogenesis and testicular development in pigs,but also lay the theoretical groundwork for porcine breeding and rearing.

摘要： BACKGROUND Although gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide,cases of gastric cancer metastasis to the male reproductive system are rare.Here,we report a case involving testicular and epididymal gastric cancer metastases.CASE SUMMARY A 75-year-old Chinese man complained of experiencing a palpable painful mass in the right scrotum for 6 mo.He had undergone distal gastrectomy with chemotherapy for pT3N3aMx poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma 9 mo before.Physical examination revealed a moderate right hydrocele and a painful mass in the right testis and epididymis.Serum tumor biomarkers were all normal except for elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels.Computed tomography urography and B-ultrasound imaging revealed a moderate right hydrocele and a mixed solid-cystic mass in the right testicular and epididymal area.Thus,the patient underwent right radical orchiectomy.Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the tumor cells were positive for pancytokeratins and caudal related homeodomain transcription 2.Metastatic,poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma of the testis and epididymis was confirmed by pathology.He continued to undergo chemotherapy at the department of oncology of our hospital.Mesenteric lymph node metastases were found at the postoperative 1-mo follow-up.CONCLUSION Palpable,painful scrotal mass,history of gastric cancer,and imaging features may indicate testicular and epididymal metastatic gastric cancer.

摘要： BACKGROUND Primary testicular neuroendocrine tumors(TNETs)are sporadic,accounting for only 0.23%of all testicular tumors.Few cases have been reported in the literature,and no uniform treatment protocol exists.We report a case of a primary TNET with liver lymph node metastasis diagnosed at the age of 24 years and discuss its clinicopathological features,diagnosis,differential diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 24-year-old patient with a primary TNET with liver lymph node metastasis.The patient was found to have a right testicular swelling of about 3 cm×4 cm in size with unclear borders and no testicular pressure pain seven years ago without any examination or treatment.One month ago,an ultrasound examination was performed for persistent enlargement of the right testis,which showed an occupying lesion of the right testis approximately 110 mm×102 mm×82 mm in size.Magnetic resonance imaging scan of the testis(plain scan)showed that the right testis was an occupying lesion with inhomogeneous density and mixed signal,the boundary was still clear,and the possibility of seminoma was considered;chest X-ray and computed tomography did not show any apparent abnormalities.The patient underwent radical orchiectomy,and the pathological examination suggested a right TNET with a typical carcinoid tumor histological type.One month after the surgery,the patient received nine cycles of lanreotide chemotherapy at a dose of 90 mg/mo without adverse effects.No distant lymph node or other organ metastases were detected at follow-up.He is in good physical condition and attends regular follow-up visits.CONCLUSION Neuroendocrine tumors are rare in clinical practice,and the diagnosis mainly relies on the characteristics of microscopic tumor cells and immunohistochemical features.Treatment involves radical orchiectomy.If it is accompanied by distant lymph node metastasis and the metastatic lesion can be resected,it should be surgically removed;if it cannot be resected,growth inhibitor analog octreotide or lanreotide chemotherapy can be administered to obtain good results,with close postoperative follow-up to prevent recurrence and metastasis.