stratigraphy,

摘要： This short study aims to highlight contradictions in Ochsenius’s model for the basin-wide salt generation(Kara-Bogas bay desiccation).Without claiming completeness,and through numerous records cited from the specific literature,we attempt to point at crucial incoherencies in the classical evaporitic model.In our presupposition,these might have led our ancestors to conclude that basin-wide salt generation needs theoretically well-based models.This is emphatically true for the Transylvanian Basin,Romania.The selected records are basic for the specific topic.We checked their validity by logical reasoning and by literature references.As for salt generation,the classical Ochsenius model has been upheld for the generation of evaporates even though it has been known that there are records denying the exclusivity of the evaporation model.It has also been proven that deep-sea salt exists,yet terminology is reluctant to follow the new discoveries.If non-evaporitic salt generation exists,it entails that huge salt deposits may exist,which are not remnants of a desiccation process.These cannot be considered as part of the classical theory of evaporation.Former researchers left important but neglected records,which should have updated the model of Ochsenius by now.Well-documented historical observation uncovered some contradictions in the salt generation of the Transylvanian Basin,Romania.Hereby we list 10 important contradictions,which may reveal that the well-known theory of Ochsenius(i.e.drying of Kara Bogaz bay)ought to be challenged for the Transylvanian Basin.

摘要： Mari Bugti hills and surroundings belong to Sulaiman basin (fragment of Gondwana) lies under the territory of Balochistan, South Punjab and North Sindh (Pakistan) but luckily have diverse marine and terrestrial sediments varying in age from Triassic to Recent, petroleum and a large number of mineral resources especially huge gypsum and cement resources, numerous suitable anticlinal structures and world-famous paleontology. The large-sized poripuchian titanosaurs, theropods, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaur, bird and snake were reported from the latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation, and largest terrestrial mammals and eucrocodiles were reported from the Oligocene Chitarwata Formation and other mammals were also reported from Late Paleogene and Neogene terrestrial deposits. Previously part of this area was not mapped due to remoteness and security problems but recently the mapping of these areas was started. Further, the structural and geological maps of previously omitted parts are added here. After performing the multidisciplinary field investigations by senior author, the corresponding results were obtained. The main objective of this work is to focus on the lithostratigraphic deposits, structure, geological history, economic geology and paleontology of the Mari Bugti Hills and surrounding areas.

摘要： Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan (South Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) comprised mostly PermoTriassic to Recent sediments with subordinate igneous and metamorphic rocks. These sedimentary strata folded and faulted by geodynamic and tectonic forces occurred during Late Cretaceous to Recent revealed through anticlinal and synclinal foldings and active faultings. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan areas host many economic minerals like copper and chromite, construction stones, marble limestones, gypsum and cement resources, uranium and other radioactive mineral resources, low-quality iron, phosphate and muddy coal, high-quality gemstones, petroleum potential and excellent water resources and many other rocks and minerals. High-quality window and faden quartz crystals deposited in fractures and fissures as vugs and veins deposited by high-temperature hypothermal solution created by the tectonic compression process. The area has economic chromite and magnesite deposits. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan areas have large cement raw materials/resources (limestones, gypsum and shale/clays available mostly on same sites) which vitally need to install many cement industries in these areas because the ideal central location and now only one cement industry (Dera Ghazi Khan cement industry) is in operation. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan consists of excellent surface water resources which need the construction of smaller and medium-sized dams on different rud kohi/streams/rivers for the development of the area. Sakhi Sarwar area of Dera Ghazi Khan (South Punjab) yielded fossil of new Tomistominae (False Gharial) Gavialidae and further its surroundings recently yielded fossils of famous vertebrates like reptiles (dinosaurs, crocodiles, pterosaur and snake), birds and mammals, and tracks/trackways of Late Cretaceous archosaurs like Sauropaonia, Ornithopaonia and Pteropaonia.

摘要： The Cambrian Period is the first period of the Phanerozoic Eon and witnessed the explosive appearance of the metazoans, representing the beginning of the modern earth-life system characterized by animals in contrary to the Precambrian earth-life system dominated by microbial life. However, understanding Cambrian earth-life system evolution is hampered by regional and global stratigraphic correlations due to an incomplete chronostratigraphy and consequent absence of a highresolution timescale. Here we briefly review the historical narrative of the present international chronostratigraphic framework of the Cambrian System and summarize recent advances and problems of the undefined Cambrian stage GSSPs, in particular we challenge the global correlation of the GSSP for the Cambrian base, in addition to Cambrian chemostratigraphy and geochronology. Based on the recent advances of the international Cambrian chronostratigraphy, revisions to the Cambrian chronostratigraphy of China, which are largely based on the stratigraphic record of South China, are suggested, and the Xiaotanian Stage is newly proposed for the Cambrian Stage 2 of China. We further summarize the integrative stratigraphy of South China, North China and Tarim platforms respectively with an emphasis on the facies variations of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary successions and problems for identification of the Cambrian base in the different facies and areas of China. Moreover, we discuss stratigraphic complications that are introduced by poorly fossiliferous dolomite successions in the upper Cambrian System which are widespread in South China, North China and Tarim platforms.

摘要： New data on the litho- and biostratigraphy of the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary interval of the lower reaches of the Lena river, at the Cape Chekurovka and Cape Chucha, are presented. Volgian-Valanginian interval of the Chekurovka section is represented by Buolkalakh and Kigilyakh formations and corresponds to beds with Buchia fisheriana, beds with B. unschensis, beds with B. okensis and B. volgensis, beds with B. volgensis, beds with B. volgensis and B. tolmatschowi and beds with B. keyserlingi. Volgian-Valanginian interval of the Chucha section is represented by Chonoko, Khairgass and Kigilyakh formations and corresponds to beds with B. unschensis, beds with B. volgensis and B. okensis, beds with B. volgensis and B. tolmatschowi and beds with B. keyserlingi.

摘要： 1 Introduction Stratigraphy,placing the sequence of events in Earth history into order,is a fundamental part of the geosciences.Traditionally the starting point is a regional stratigraphy,based on lithological,mappable units,correlated by fossils with local,regional and global chronostratigraphical schemes.Chronostratigraphic units were traditionally defined on their fossil content,as essentially unit stratotypes.But,commonly there were no clear boundaries.

摘要： The Ordovician(485.4 Ma-443.8Ma)is the longest period of the Paleozoic,which was characterized by a peak of greenhouse climate in Earth history,as well as extreme high sea level(Haq and Schutter,2008;Munnecke et al.,2010),with warm and humid conditions in early-middle period and seawater temperature up to 45°C(Trotter et al.,2008).

摘要： Observational facts from the Maldives, Goa and Bangladesh in the Indian Ocean and from Fiji and New Caledonia in the Pacific record a high sea level in the 17th century, a low sea level in the 18th century, a high sea level in the early 19th century and a stable sea level in the last 50 - 70 years. This cannot be understood in terms of glacial eustasy (or in terms of steric effects or tectonics), only in terms of rotational eustasy. The present paper gives a summary of the observational facts behind the formulation of the novel concept of rotational eustasy. It reveals a common trend of sea level changes, which is opposed to the sea level changes in the northern hemisphere, and the global climatic changes in general. Rotational eustasy offers a logical explanation.

摘要： The Bianqiao Formation (in the Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province, China) is a typical set of continuous lacustrine carbonate deposits during the Cretaceous-Paleogene period, which is considered as an ideal stratigraphic unit for KPB research. This study is based on the borehole PYZK01, which is located at Tongjiazhuang village in Bianqiao Town of Pingyi country. According to biostratigraphy research, the Bianqiao Formtion establishes one charophyte assemblage: Porocharaanluensis-Charayuntaishanensis var. acuta-Turbocharaspecialis, and one sporopollen assemblage: Deltoidosporaadriensis-Rugubivesiculites- Schizaeoisporites. This result indicates that the stratigraphic age during 0 - 12.25 m is the Paleogene, 37.8 m - 60 m is the Late Cretaceous, and 12.25 - 37.8 m is a transition stage from the Late Cretaceous to the Paleocene. By geochemical study, it was established carbon and oxygen isotopic strata in the drill. Through the magnetostratigraphy research, we find eight positive polarity zones and seven reversed polarity zones, build the magnetic polarity sequences of the borehole, and propose a contrast scheme with the international standard magnetic polarity time column. After comprehensive discussion, it is preliminarily believed that the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary is located at the depth of 31.98 m in PYZK01, namely, in the first section of the Bianqiao Fm.

摘要： Cretaceous strata of Pakistan yielded many significant fossils of terrestrial ecosystems like poripuch (all caudals are procoelous) lithostrotian titanosaurian sauropods, abelisauroids theropods, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaurs and gymnosperm stem wood. Both marine and non-marine strata well exposed through the Cretaceous, Jurassic-Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene boundaries found in Pakistan especially in Indus Basin. Indus Basin represents strata from Precambrian to Recent. Here a glimpse of Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Pakistan is being presented.