behavior

摘要： Prenatal programming during pregnancy sets physiological outcomes in the offspring by integrating external or internal stimuli.Accordingly,pregnancy is an important stage of physiological adaptations to the environment where the fetus becomes exposed and adapted to the maternal milieu.Maternal exposure to high-energy dense diets can affect motivated behavior in the offs p ring leading to addiction and impaired sociability.A high-energy dense exposure also increases the pro-inflammatory cytokines profile in plasma and brain and favors microglia activation in the offspring.While still under investigation,prenatal exposure to high-energy dense diets promotes structural abnormalities in selective brain regions regulating motivation and social behavior in the offspring.The current review addresses the role of energy-dense foods programming central and peripheral inflammatory profiles during embryonic development and its effect on motivated behavior in the offspring.We provide preclinical and clinical evidence that supports the contribution of prenatal programming in shaping immune profiles that favor structural and brain circuit disruption leading to aberrant motivated behaviors after birth.We hope this minireview encourages future research on novel insights into the mechanisms underlying maternal programming of motivated behavior by central immune networks.

摘要： Ionizing radiation can cause changes in nervous system function.However,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.In this study,Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)was irradiated with 75 Gy of 60Co whole-bodyγradiation.Behavioral indicators(head thrashes,touch avoidance,and foraging),and the development of dopaminergic neurons related to behavioral function,were evaluated to assess the effects of ionizing radiation on nervous system function in C.elegans.Various behaviors were impaired after whole-body irradiation and degeneration of dopamine neurons was observed.This suggests that 75 Gy ofγradiation is sufficient to induce nervous system dysfunction.The genes nhr-76 and crm-1,which are reported to be related to nervous system function in human and mouse,were screened by transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis after irradiation or sham irradiation.The expression levels of these two genes were increased after radiation.Next,RNAi technology was used to inhibit the expression of crm-1,a gene whose homologs are associated with motor neuron development in other species.Downregulation of crm-1 expression effectively alleviated the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation on head thrashes and touch avoidance.It was also found that the expression level of crm-1 was regulated by the nuclear receptor gene nhr-76.The results of this study suggest that knocking down the expression level of nhr-76 can reduce the expression level of crm-1,while down-regulating the expression level of crm-1 can alleviate behavioral disorders induced by ionizing radiation.Therefore,inhibition of crm-1 may be of interest as a potential therapeutic target for ionizing radiation-induced neurological dysfunction.

摘要： Recent studies have indicated that suppressing oxidative stress and ferroptosis can considerably improve the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH).Withaferin A(WFA),a natural compound,exhibits a positive effect on a number of neurological diseases.However,the effects of WFA on oxidative stress and ferroptosis-mediated signaling pathways to ICH remain unknown.In this study,we investigated the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanism for WFA in the regulation of ICH-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis.We established a mouse model of ICH by injection of autologous tail artery blood into the caudate nucleus and an in vitro cell model of hemin-induced ICH.WFA was injected intracerebroventricularly at 0.1,1 or 5μg/kg once daily for 7 days,starting immediately after ICH operation.WFA markedly reduced brain tissue injury and iron deposition and improved neurological function in a dose-dependent manner 7 days after cerebral hemorrhage.Through in vitro experiments,cell viability test showed that WFA protected SH-SY5Y neuronal cells against hemin-induced cell injury.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in vitro and in vivo showed that WFA markedly decreased the level of malondialdehyde,an oxidative stress marker,and increased the activities of anti-oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase after ICH.Western blot assay,quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence results demonstrated that WFA activated the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling axis,promoted translocation of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to nucleus,and increased HO-1 expression.Silencing Nrf2 with siRNA completely reversed HO-1 expression,oxidative stress and protective effects of WFA.Furthermore,WFA reduced hemin-induced ferroptosis.However,after treatment with an HO-1 inhibitor,the neuroprotective effects of WFA against hemin-induced ferroptosis were weakened.MTT test results showed that WFA combined with ferrostatin-1 reduced hemin-induced SH-SY5Y neuronal cell injury.Our findings reveal that WFA treatment alleviated ICH injury-induced ferroptosis and oxidative stress through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,which may highlight a potential role of WFA for the treatment of ICH.

摘要： Autism spectrum disorder is classified as a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders with an unknown definitive etiology.Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show deficits in a variety of areas including cognition,memory,attention,emotion recognition,and social skills.With no definitive treatment or cure,the main interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder are based on behavioral modulations.Recently,noninvasive brain modulation techniques including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,intermittent theta burst stimulation,continuous theta burst stimulation,and transcranial direct current stimulation have been studied for their therapeutic properties of modifying neuroplasticity,particularly in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.Preliminary evidence from small cohort studies,pilot studies,and clinical trials suggests that the various noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have therapeutic benefits for treating both behavioral and cognitive manifestations of autism spectrum disorder.However,little data is available for quantifying the clinical significance of these findings as well as the long-term outcomes of individuals with autism spectrum disorder who underwent transcranial stimulation.The objective of this review is to highlight the most recent advancements in the application of noninvasive brain modulation technology in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

摘要： The purpose of this study was to determine if the Drums Alive Kids Beats intervention could improve behavior in children with developmental delays (DD). The original pilot study that this study on behavior is linked to is titled, “The Effects of a Drums Alive Kids Beats Intervention on the Physical Performance and Motor Skills of Children with Developmental Delays,” which was published in the December edition of the Open Journal of Pediatrics (OJPED, Vol.11 No.4 2021). During the facilitation of said intervention on physical and motor skills, the facilitators noticed unanticipated improvements in behavior, both individually and as a community through better awareness, self-control, self-efficacy, social interaction, and positive energy. Therefore, while maintaining the integrity of the MOT 4 - 6 testing protocols and Drums Alive intervention, a parallel study was conducted to objectively measure six behavioral domains, namely, motivation, impulse control, coordination, concentration, implementation of tasks, and creativity using a self-designed measurement tool with three elements for each domain that was approved by Dr. Heiner Lagenkamp, Department of Sports and Physical Activities, Teaching and Research, Ruhr University, Germany. The 20 participants were German students between 5.10 and 10.2 years of age with no inclusion or exclusion characteristics who were divided into two intervention groups, IG Kindergarten (IG Kinder) and IG Elementary (IG Elem), with varied DD, i.e., transgressive behavior, ADHD, ADD, autism, anger management, visual acuity, self-control, and self-esteem. During the MOT 4 - 6 study and Drums Alive Kids Beats intervention, the facilitators monitored and assessed each participant for pre- and post-performance vis a vis behavior concurrently with physical and motoric skills. As the original study provided statistically significant improvements of between 14% - 24% in physical and motor skill performance with regards to overall scoring and 7 subdivisions of tasks, the results of this parallel study on behavior, with its 6 domains and 18 elements of between 24% - 28%, were even more compelling. The evidence indicated that the Drums Alive Kids Beats intervention with its multidisciplinary approach of music, movement, and drumming, could be used as an effective tool and therapeutic approach to improve behavior in children with developmental delays.

摘要： Background & Objective: Chronic excessive alcohol consumption causes white matter degeneration with myelin loss and impaired neuronal conductivity. Subsequent rarefaction of myelin accounts for the sustained deficits in cognition, learning, and memory. Correspondingly, chronic heavy or repeated binge alcohol exposures in humans and experimental models alter myelin lipid composition leading to build-up of ceramides which can be neurotoxic and broadly inhibitory to brain functions. Methods: This study examined the effects of chronic + binge alcohol exposures (8 weeks) and intervention with myriocin, a ceramide inhibitor, on neurobehavioral functions (Open Field, Novel Object Recognition, and Morris Water Maze tests) and frontal lobe white matter myelin lipid biochemical pathology in an adult Long-Evans rat model. Results: The ethanol-exposed group had significant deficits in executive functions with increased indices of anxiety and impairments in spatial learning acquisition. Myriocin partially remediated these effects of ethanol while not impacting behavior in the control group. Ethanol-fed rats had significantly smaller brains with broadly reduced expression of sulfatides and reduced expression of two of the three sphingomyelins detected in frontal white matter. Myriocin partially resolved these effects corresponding with improvements in neurobehavioral function. Conclusion: Therapeutic strategies that support cerebral white matter myelin expression of sulfatide and sphingomyelin may help remediate cognitive-behavioral dysfunction following chronic heavy alcohol consumption in humans.

摘要： In the implementation of corporate environmental responsibility,‘greenwashing’is a pseudo-social behavior which is theopposite of‘genuine green’behaviors.With the improvement of the public awareness of environmental protection and the strengthening of the government environmental supervision,more and more enterprises are learning the green behavior adaptively.The frequentoccurrence of greenwashing has become a‘disharmonious’voice in the construction of ecological civilization.Institutional theory holdsthat institutional factors make organizations become more similar in structure and performance due to institutional forces.This paper describes an exploratory research on the law of group behavior in corporate greenwashing,analyzes the isomorphic mechanism of corporate greenwashing based on the institutional theory,and carries out an empirical test by using the data of A-share listed companiesin heavily polluting industries during the period of 2010−2016.The research in this paper shows that corporate greenwashing behavioris significantly affected by neighboring enterprises in the same region,and proves the existence of the‘bandwagon’effect.The results of analysis based on the nature of property rights show that state-owned enterprises have more significant regional isomorphic behaviors,indicating that state-owned enterprises are more inclined to claim legitimacy through the institutional isomorphism of greenwashing.Results of further analysis show that,greenwashing isomorphism does not significantly improve the operating performance of enterprises,but the similarity strengthens the ability of these enterprises to bear risks under an uncertain environment.As such,this provides empirical evidence support for the hypothesis that‘organizational isomorphism is usually for legitimacy rather than efficiency’in the institutional theory.The research in this paper reveals the land-derived characteristic of greenwashing behavior,and provides adecisive reference for policy implication.For the control of greenwashing,the central government should enforce and standardize theenterprise environmental report in terms of institutional arrangement,unify the form and content of disclosure,and improve the credibility and comparability of environmental information disclosure.The local governments need to strengthen the supervision of enterprises within their jurisdiction,as well as the coordination,cooperation and information sharing between departments,increase the punishment of violations,break the legal for enterprises to obtain socialrecognition by greenwashing.Meanwhile,it is necessary for the promotion of‘genuine green’large companies and state owned enterprises as role models.

摘要： Schizophrenia(SCZ)is a devastating and complicated mental disorder accompanied by variable positive and negative symptoms and cognitive deficits.Although many genetic risk factors have been identified,SCZ is also considered as a neurodevelopmental disorder.Elucidation of the pathogenesis and the development of treatment is challenging because complex interactions occur between these genetic risk factors and environment in essential neurodevelopmental processes.Adult neural stem cells share a lot of similarities with embryonic neural stem cells and provide a promising model for studying neuronal development in adulthood.These adult neural stem cells also play an important role in cognitive functions including temporal and spatial memory encoding and context discrimination,which have been shown to be closely linked with many psychiatric disorders,such as SCZ.Here in this review,we focus on the SCZ risk genes and the key components in related signaling pathways in adult hippocampal neural stem cells and summarize their roles in adult neurogenesis and animal behaviors.We hope that this would be helpful for the understanding of the contribution of dysregulated adult neural stem cells in the pathogenesis of SCZ and for the identification of potential therapeutic targets,which could facilitate the development of novel medication and treatment.

摘要： Driver errors contribute to more than 94% of traffic crashes. Automotive companies are striving to enhance their vehicles to eliminate driver errors and reduce the number of crashes. Various advanced features like lane departure warning (LDW), blind spot warning (BSW), over speed warning (OSW), forward collision warning (FCW), lane keep assist (LKA), adaptive cruise control (ACC), cooperative ACC (CACC), and automated emergency braking (AEB) are designed to assist with, or in some cases take over, certain driving maneuvers. They can be broadly categorized into advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) and automated features. Each of these advanced features focuses on addressing a particular task of driving, thereby, aiding the driver, influencing their behavior, and enhancing safety. Many vehicles with these advanced features are penetrating into the market, yet the total reported number of crashes has increased in recent years. This paper presents a systematic review of these advanced features on driver behavior and safety. The review is categorized into 1) survey and mathematical methods to assess driver behavior, 2) field test methods to assess driver behavior, 3) microsimulation methods to assess driver behavior, 4) driving simulator methods to assess driver behavior, and 5) driver understanding and the effectiveness of advanced features. It is followed by conclusions, knowledge gaps, and need for further research.

摘要： Objective:To explore the nurses’behaviors regarding clinical alarms,analyze the related influencing factors,and provide rationales for alarm management.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in China.The self-made questionnaire of nurses’clinical alarm-related knowledge,attitude,and behavior(NCAKAB)was used.Results:The valid response rate was 98.66%(n=2368).The average nurses’clinical alarm-related behaviors(NCAB)score was 65.14±7.95(out of 85).The dimension scores of NCAB from high to low were alarm learning(4.02±0.85,out of 5),alarm response(27.99±3.64,out of 35),alarm setting(19.24±3.88,out of 25),alarm recognition(7.63±1.68,out of 10)and alarm notification(6.25±1.84,out of 10).There were significant differences in alarm behavior scores between nurses of different ages(F=4.619,P=0.000),nursing stints(F=9.564,P=0.000),professional titles(F=4.425,P=0.004),departments(F=9.166,P=0.000),and hospital levels(t=2.705,P=0.007).The study showed that nurses’total alarm behavior scores were positively correlated with the total alarm knowledge score(r=0.267;P<0.001)and the total alarm attitude score(r=438;P<0.001).Conclusions:Nurses scored highest in alarm learning,followed by alarm response,alarm setting,alarm recognition,and alarm notification behavior.The factors that influenced alarm behavior included age,title,department,nursing stint,hospital level,professional title,alarm-related training,willingness to participate in alarm-related training,whether or not departments have improved alarm management over the last 3 years,and whether or not departments have formulated norms for alarm management.Nurses with higher scores for clinical alarm knowledge had higher correlating scores for alarm behavior;similarly,nurses with higher scores for clinical alarm attitude had higher scores for alarm-related behavior.