particle

摘要： Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.These factors can significantly affect the hydrodynamic in the slurry reactors,having remarkable effects on the design,scale-up,and operation of the slurry reactors.This article reviews the influences of fluid physical properties,solid particles,and operating conditions on the hydrodynamics in slurry reactors.Firstly,the influence of fluid properties,including the density and viscosity of the individual liquid and gas phases and the interfacial tension,has been reviewed.Secondly,the solid particle properties(i.e.,concentration,density,size,wettability,and shape)on the hydrodynamics have been discussed in detail,and some vital but often ignored features,especially the influences of particle wettability and shape,as well as the variation of surface tension because of solid concentration alteration,are highlighted in this work.Thirdly,the variations of physical properties of fluids,hydrodynamics,and bubble behavior resulted from the temperature and pressure variations are also summarized,and the indirect influences of pressure on viscosity and surface tension are addressed systematically.Finally,conclusions and perspectives of these notable influences on the design and scale-up of industrial slurry reactors are presented.

摘要： A thought-experiment is described and the probability of a particular type of results is predicted according to the quantum formalism. Then, the assumption is made that there exists a particle that travels from the source to one of the detectors, along a continuous trajectory. A contradiction appears: for agreeing with the quantum prediction, the particle has to land at once on two space-separated detectors. Therefore, the trajectory of the particle—if it exists—cannot be continuous.

摘要： The particle in a box is a simple model that has a classical Hamiltonian H = p2 (using 2m = 1), with a limited coordinate space, -b q b, where 0 b < ∞. Using canonical quantization, this example has been fully studied thanks to its simplicity, and it is a common example for beginners to understand. Despite its repeated analysis, there is a feature that puts the past results into question. In addition to pointing out the quantization issue, the procedures of affine quantization can lead to a proper quantization that necessarily points toward more complicated eigenfunctions and eigenvalues, which deserve to be solved.

摘要： Dear editor,This letter focuses on modeling the electrode heterogeneity by extending the pseudo-two-dimensional model(P2D)with actual particle-size distributions(PSD).The effects of different particle characterization techniques,including the area-weighted,volume-weighted,and number-based methods on cell dynamics are compared.

摘要： One could compare the discovery of a new particle to a big shining firework,lighting up the night sky.But sometimes discoveries can be subtle,less flamboyant,and still point to the existence of new particles in an indirect way.

摘要： Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in mangroves has drawn much attention, but knowledge of the sorption of PAHs in mangrove sediment is limited. This study investigated the particles and water-stable aggregates (WSA) of mangrove sediment in Jiulong River Estuary, China, and the characteristics of anthracene adsorption to them. The adsorption of anthracene was strongly influenced by the physicochemical and structural properties of sediment particles and WSA. The main sorbents of mangrove sediment were carbonized particles and clays. The porous structure of carbonized particles made it easy to sequestrate sequester the anthracene, and the aging allowed anthracene to move into deeper sites of the carbonized particles. Clays had high anthracene-fixing capacities, and they included organic matters and formed aggregates. The sorption contents coefficient Kf of anthracene with WSA of different sizes increased in the order 0.063 - 0.25 mm > 0.063 mm > 0.25 - 1.0 mm > 1.0 mm. The order was correlated with which due to the contents and characteristics of organic matters in the aggregates.

摘要： Microcarriers have attracted increasing interests in drug delivery. In order to develop this technique, it is prone to focus on the generation of functional particles through using simple approaches and novel but accessible materials. Here, inspired by the formation mechanism of tofu that through the mixing of soymilk and brine for cross-linking soybean proteins, we present novel soybean protein microcarriers by using microfluidic generation approach for drug delivery. Since the soybean protein droplets are generated by microfluidic emulsification method, the tofu microparticles present highly monodisperse and homogeneous morphologies. Because of the excellent biocompatibility of the soybean protein and the interconnected porous structures throughout the whole microparticles after freeze-drying, various kinds of drugs and active molecules could be absorbed and loaded in the microcarriers, which makes them versatile for drug delivery. It can be anticipated that the microfluidic-generated tofu microcarriers will have great potential in the biomedical field.

摘要： Engineered nanomaterials are used in many applications, including pollution sensors, photovoltaics, medical imaging, drug delivery and environmental remediation. Due to their numerous applications, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are receiving a large amount of attention. Ag NPs may occur in drinking water sources either during manufacturing, consumption and/or disposal processes. This potentially leads to the presence of Ag NPs in finished drinking water, which could have public health impacts. The objective of this research was to investigate the removal of several types of stabilized Ag NPs by potable water treatment processes. Specifically, this research achieved these objectives through: 1) Synthesis of Citrate-reduced Ag NPs, Polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilized (PVP) Ag NPs and Branched polyethyleneimine stabilized (BPEI) Ag NPs, 2) Characterization of synthesized Ag NPs to determine their aggregation potential, Zeta potential profiles, (pHpzc) and obtain morphological data from SEM images, and 3) An evaluation of the efficacy of conventional water treatment processes (i.e., coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and sand filtration) in removing stabilized Ag NPs from natural water. The three NPs were found to be stable at the nano size in natural water. Alum coagulation had no impact on the PVP and BPEI Ag NPs. Flocculation and settling were found to be key steps for removal of these NPs. The three Ag NPs were not permanently removed by means of conventional water treatment processes employed in this study.

摘要： Energy band gap of titanium dioxide(TiO_2) semiconductor plays significant roles in many practical applications of the semiconductor and determines its appropriateness in technological and industrial applications such as UV absorption, pigment,photo-catalysis, pollution control systems and solar cells among others. Substitution of impurities into crystal lattice structure is the most commonly used method of tuning the band gap of TiO_2 for specific application and eventually leads to lattice distortion. This work utilizes the distortion in the lattice structure to estimate the band gap of doped TiO_2, for the first time, through hybridization of a particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO) with a support vector regression(SVR) algorithm for developing a PSO-SVR model. The precision and accuracy of the developed PSO-SVR model was further justified by applying the model for estimating the effect of cobalt-sulfur co-doping, nickel-iodine co-doping, tungsten and indium doping on the band gap of TiO_2 and excellent agreement with the experimentally reported values was achieved. Practical implementation of the proposed PSO-SVR model would further widen the applications of the semiconductor and reduce the experimental stress involved in band gap determination of TiO_2.

摘要： The paper posits that the cyclic universe cosmology involves the split of the membrane 11D (11 dimensional) spacetime into the 1D eleventh dimension orbifold interval space to form gravity, the 6D discrete interior rishon space (TTT-VVV for positron-neutrino or TTV-TVV for?quarks) to form the Standard Model, the 3D Higgs space (attachment space to attach matter or detachment space to detach matter) to form the Higgs or reverse Higgs field, and 1D Einstein time to be shared by all spaces. To establish particle masses, spacetime dimension number decreases with decreasing speed of light, decreasing vacuum energy, and increasing rest mass. The 4D and the 10D have zero and the highest vacuum energies, respectively. The cyclic universe cosmology starts with the zero-energy 4D inter-universal void and the positive-energy membrane and negative-energy antimembrane 11D dual universe which is split into four equal 10D string branes, including the 10D positive-energy weak-gravity brane with matter, negative-energy strong-gravity brane, negative-energy weak-gravity brane with antimatter, and positive-energy strong-gravity brane in the 11D bulk with the 1D eleventh dimension interval space in between the strong and the weak-gravity branes. To form the home universe where we inhabit, the 10D positive-energy weak-gravity brane with attachment space absorbed the zero-energy 4D inter-universal void with detachment space, resulting in the combination of rest mass from attachment space and kinetic energy from detachment space, the formation of the 4D spacetime universe by transforming 6D connected exterior space into 6D discrete interior rishon space, and cosmic inflation. The other three branes did not absorb the inter-universal void, resulting in the oscillating dimension branes between 10D and 4D stepwise without kinetic energy. The three branes are hidden when D > 4, and they are dark energy when D = 4. The split 11D spacetime and cosmology provide the matter-antimatter imbalance and the accurately calculated masses for leptons, quarks, hadrons, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, gravity, dark matter, and dark energy.

摘要： 基于Compact Particle Swarm Optimization算法的光刻机掩模台微动台的机械参数软测量方法，属于半导体制造装备技术领域及机械参数测量领域。为了解决现有工件台微动部分机械参数估计算法精度差的问题。所述方法包括如下步骤：步骤一：根据掩模台微动台的机械机构及其理论设计，建立微动台的理想运动学模型，确定待测机械参数，建立掩模台微动台含差模型；步骤二：步骤二：给定位置输入，驱动微动台运动产生位移，将实际输出位移与通过建立的掩模台微动台含差模型计算出的输出位移值做差，作为寻优的目标函数；步骤三：根据目标函数，利用Compact Particle Swarm Optimization优化学习算法确定待辨识的机械参数。它用于微动台的机械参数求取。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种清洗面板表面大型Particle的毛刷机构，包括底板，所述底板的两侧分别固定连接有驱动侧板和调节侧板，所述驱动侧板和调节侧板相背的一侧均设置有调节机构一和调节机构二。本发明通过转动手轮带动蜗杆转动，蜗杆带动与其相啮合的蜗轮进行转动，蜗轮带动转动杆转动并通过转动杆表面的螺纹带动螺纹块上下移动，螺纹块和滑块在直线导轨的作用下配合固定架带动驱动电机、毛刷和固定块进行上下移动，再通过千分表、调节标尺和指针的配合精确调节毛刷之间的间隙，转动杆的传动通过调节螺母实现自锁能力，配合刚性联轴器有效降低了因为毛刷吸水后，自身重量增加，负载增加，造成的结构的不稳定性。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种保护带表面金属Particle清除器，包括底座和导轮，所述底座的上端左侧设置有第一竖板，且底座的上端右侧设置有第二竖板，所述第一竖板上设置有第一盛放盒，所述第二竖板上设置有第二盛放盒，所述第一盛放盒和第二盛放盒的内部均安装有磁铁，所述导轮设置在底座的上端，且底座的底部开设有连接孔，所述底座的长度尺寸为224mm，且底座的宽度尺寸为33mm，并且底座的厚度尺寸为5mm。该保护带表面金属Particle清除器，通过设置的第一竖板和第二竖板，且在第一竖板和第二竖板上均设置有磁铁，在使用时，保护带穿过磁铁之间的位置，利用磁铁对保护带表面的金属颗粒进行清除，便于对机器和产品进行保护。

摘要： 基于Compact Particle Swarm Optimization算法的光刻机掩模台微动台的机械参数软测量方法，属于半导体制造装备技术领域及机械参数测量领域。为了解决现有工件台微动部分机械参数估计算法精度差的问题。所述方法包括如下步骤：步骤一：根据掩模台微动台的机械机构及其理论设计，建立微动台的理想运动学模型，确定待测机械参数，建立掩模台微动台含差模型；步骤二：给定位置输入，驱动微动台运动产生位移，将实际输出位移与通过建立的掩模台微动台含差模型计算出的输出位移值做差，作为寻优的目标函数；步骤三：根据目标函数，利用Compact Particle Swarm Optimization优化学习算法确定待辨识的机械参数。它用于微动台的机械参数求取。

摘要： 本实用新型公开了防止Particle掉落到光源板的OTP烧录专用装置，包括本体，所述本体中部设置有DOTHINK盒子，所述DOTHINK盒子外侧通过DOTHINK盒子支架固定，所述DOTHINK盒子上安装有主控板，所述主控板与DOTHINK盒子电性连接，所述主控板内设置有Socket组件，所述Socket组件外侧通过转接板包裹，将Socket组件与转接板配合，可以在其上放置模具进行烧录，操作更加直观，挡板和限位块可以对滑盖滑动的位置进行限制，从而更好掌握烧录过程，一旦烧录过程出现错误，继电器工作，切断DOTHINK盒子的工作，保证整体的安全，设计新颖，值得推广。