oxidation

摘要： Improving solar cell performance by increasing solar cell efficiency by various process optimization had always been a simple straight-forward methodology followed in a R&D or in a solar cell manufacturing company. This is also the most cost-effective practice to improve a product performance using the same technology without the need to procure alternative or expensive raw materials or by adopting advanced solar cell processing techniques. Aluminium Back Surface Field (Al-BSF) technology using multi-crystalline wafers (mc-Si) had been a well-established and a dominant product in the solar industry for more than two decades. However, as the industry progresses, the demand for high efficiency solar cells and modules started going up and full area Aluminium BSF based cells suffers from a lot of inherent limitations on cell efficiency. This is primarily due to the intrinsic high density of crystal lattice defects or otherwise called as grain boundary defects present dominantly only in mc-Si wafers. These grain boundaries tends to accumulate several defects and become trap centres which cause high recombination for minority carriers thereby exhibiting lower conversion efficiency and higher dispersion in electrical parameters in batches of tested cells. Years of research using this material have helped to derive the maximum benefits using this mc-Si wafer in producing industrial full area BSF cells and we can say with certainty that the efficiency potential has reached the saturation point with this technology. An interesting development that happened in the area of improving the final product performance using mc-Si wafers at both cell and module level, is by replacing the conventional acid texturing process with an introduction of a nano-texturing process called Metal Catalysed Chemical Etching (MCCE) using specialized chemicals which improves the light trapping capabilities by creation of inverted pyramid texture on the silicon wafer surface and thereby enabling the wafers to absorb sunlight over a broader range of wavelength and incident angle. With this development done in mc-Si wafers in recent past, it is still a daunting task to surpass cell efficiencies beyond 19.0% using this wafer source. Hence for cell manufacturing lines which use mc-Si wafers, there is always a constant need to improve the cell manufacturing processes to reduce the impact of poor intrinsic quality of mc-Si wafers and improve the final product performance without adding any significant cost factor.

摘要： Advanced glycation end products(AGE) are potential harmful substances formed in the advanced Maillard reaction and increasingly investigated in muscle foods. However, the contribution of oxidation to the AGE formation is controversial. Moreover, reports on glyoxal(GO) induced AGE formation in chicken meat emulsion(CME) are limited. Thus, the effects of GO on emulsifying properties, rheological behavior and AGE formation in CME were investigated. Our findings exhibited that levels of Nε-carboxymethyllysine(CML) and Nε-carboxyethyllysine(CEL) were associated with lipid oxidation but not significantly(P > 0.05). Levels of AGE peaked when GO concentration ranged from 5 mmol/L(CML) to 10 mmol/L(CEL). The droplets’ aggregation associated with the disulfide bond when the concentration of GO was at 0.5–30 mmol/L while non-disulfide bond association occurred at 30–50 mmol/L GO concentration. In conclusion, compared to the effect of oxidation, GO exhibited the main role in the AGE formation of CME. This study will provide theoretical significance for further understanding and controlling the formation of AGE in CME.

摘要： The liquid phase oxidation of cyclohexylbenzene(CHB)is a new green synthetic approach to cyclohexylbenzene-1-hydroperoxide(CHBHP),a key intermediate for preparing phenol and cyclohexanone.In this work,aryl-substituted(Cl and Br)derivatives of N-hydroxyphthalimide(NHPI)were synthesized and their catalytic performances for CHB oxidation were studied.In addition,geometric optimization and transition state search were performed using DFT calculations.Both experimental and theoretical studies have proven that chloro-substitution on NHPI can significantly improve its catalytic effects on the oxidation of CHB by oxygen.Compared with NHPI,CHB conversion and selectivity of CHBHP over Cl;NHPI were increased by 10.47%and 13.24%.The strategy of aryl-substituting NHPI with halogen atoms proposed in this study would provide a potential way to the development of new NHPI-based catalysts for aerobic oxidation reactions.

摘要： Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)might pose health risks,and processing and storage could accelerate the generation of AGEs in meat.However,limited few reports indicated the changes of AGEs contents in meat during storage.In this study,the aim is to investigate the oxidation and precursors and their roles in the formation of N^(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine(CML)in raw and cooked chicken meat after post-mortem ageing and storage.As post-mortem ageing and storage time increased,the CML content in cooked chicken breast significantly increased from 1.81 mg/kg to 2.00 mg/kg during 0-6 h,and then decreased from 2.00 mg/kg to 1.80 mg/kg during 6 h-1 day,finally increased again during 1-7 days,while the CML contents of raw and cooked leg significantly and continuously increased from 1.78 mg/kg to 2.08 mg/kg.Furthermore,CML was extremely positively correlated with fat oxidation(R^(2)=0.793,P<0.01),protein oxidation(R^(2)=0.917,P<0.01)and glyoxal(R^(2)=0.678,P<0.05),and was negatively correlated with lysine(R^(2)=0.536,P<0.05).No significant correlation was observed between the Schiff base and CML.

摘要： Some volcanic rocks from Nyiragongo volcano in the Democratic Republic of Congo contain highly oxidized olivine crystals.These olivines crystals are made of two phases,dark olivine on backscattered electron images of pure forsterite composition and grey Mg-poor areas made of olivine and iron-rich oxides.Calculation of the initial composition confirms that they are primary olivine with late separation of two different olivine compositions.Pure forsterite is enriched in SiO_(2) but contains lower amounts of CaO than Fe-rich areas,in agreement with expected partitioning of these elements related to the composition of the olivine.Iron-rich oxides formed around or inside the olivine crystals during the separation process and confirm a highly oxidized environment during their evolution.We propose that this separation occurred during subsolidus recrystallization under high fO_(2) conditions of the olivine crystals after cooling of the volcanic rocks.It provides evidences for circulation of iron-rich fluids or gas inducing deuteritic processes occurring in the large volcanic cone of the Nyiragongo,in relation with the presence of a shallow magma chamber connected to a large and permanent lava lake.

摘要： Proton exchange membrane fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells have gained more attention due to high-energy density,remarkable conversion efficiency,and low emission.However,their widely practical application was hindered by the high usage,limited sources,and high price of Pt catalysts.To achieve more cost-effective catalytic systems,PtCu-based multi-metallic nanoparticles are highly efficient for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and methanol oxidation reaction(MOR).The incorporation of non-noble Cu metal can alter the properties of hybrids by forming new facets,planes,edges to promote the cleavage or formation of chemical bonds in catalytic reaction.This is a rapid growing area with numerous contributions from the interdisciplinary areas of nanocatalysis.This paper has summarized the recent progress in the past two years,in synthesizing PtCu-based alloys with various composition and morphologies,and critically discussed the effect of the catalyst preparation method,metal precursor,surfactant,reductant and heating temperature on nanostructure and electronic configuration.The important role of the composition,size,and morphology of PtCu bimetallic catalysts for electro oxidation reactions has been further established for structure-dependency studies.The challenges and perspectives of nanocatalysts for ORR and MOR discussed in this work is to provide further insights into rational design for cost-effective materials for energy.

摘要： Sustainability is the ability to nurture or support a process for a long time without compromising the needs of future generations. Rather, sustainable chemistry is a term that refers to the production of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and production of hazardous substances. Green chemistry creates alternative technologies that are safer for human health and the environment to prevent further damage to human health and the environment, such as reducing the release of hazardous chemicals into the air, leading to reduced lung damage. Although sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies have evolved in other areas of science, their use in redox reactions and industry is still in its early stages. The current review aims to highlight the need for green chemistry as a sustainable chemistry and its principles and its application to produce environmentally friendly industrial products and to reduce or stop the production of harmful intermediates and products during its synthesis process.

摘要： Water treatment system management is a strategy for identifying and implementing solutions to improve water quality by identifying and resolving issues that lead to deterioration of water quality before draining it to surface water or natural water sources or using it in any way, allocate or decide on the suitable water treatment system based on the real conditions of the water characteristics in that source. Electrocoagulation is employed in this study. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a water treatment technology that can remove impurities such as fats, oils, colors, suspensions, heavy metals, algae, and other contaminants from water. As a result of the research with this system, it is now possible to separate the precipitate using electricity by producing metal hydroxides by moving electrons between oxidation and reduction substances through a conductor. The purpose is to use the Internet of Things (IoT) to program the command of an automated water treatment system and to see the Internet of Things can manage the water treatment system automatically. The system can also be managed via the Internet of Things, allowing for continuous monitoring.

摘要： Cataracts are a leading cause of blindness, but the only available treatment is surgery, which may not be a viable option for many patients. Instead, pharmacological interventions that target cataractogenesis at the molecular level represent an attractive method for preventing or delaying cataract formation. Antioxidant drugs like N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine may interfere with oxidative processes that lead to age-related nuclear cataracts. Nevertheless, achieving therapeutic concentrations in the lens has proven challenging. Novel delivery strategies such as functionalized nanodiamonds offer several advantages over conventional platforms in terms of stability and customizability. Therefore, we investigated the effects of three different types of functionalized nanodiamonds on the uptake and efficacy of a potential anticataract agent in a whole organ culture model of oxidative insult in the lens. Lenses treated with sodium selenite exhibited detrimental morphological changes and significantly deteriorated redox status. Lenses treated with the neat drug showed marked improvements. However, only hydroxylated nanodiamonds appeared to improve drug uptake, and their effects on lens glutathione and cysteine were modest. This work represents a critical step in understanding the anticataract effects of N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine, and it suggests that other drug delivery strategies may be warranted to realize these effects in vivo.

摘要： African emperor moth (Gonimbrasia zambesina) caterpillars are considered healthy food as they are rich in protein and unsaturated fats. In Kenya, G. zambesina caterpillars are predominantly found along the coastal region, where they emerge in during the short and the long rains. The caterpillars forage in the wild on mango (Mangifera indica) leaves and Euclea natalensis (Ericales: Ebenaceae) leaves. The caterpillars are consumed whole or may be transformed into fine flour. The caterpillars’ flour can be utilized in the bakery industry for the enrichment of bakery products since wheat (the major component of bakery products) is low in protein. However, consumers are concerned about the microbiological quality of bakery products enriched with insect flour. There are also concerns about the effect of these insects’ flour on the shelf life of bakery products since they have unsaturated fats. Therefore, this study evaluated the microbial quality and shelf life of wheat muffins enriched with G. zambesina caterpillar flour at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. For all the samples analyzed, total viable count (TVC) was <30 cfu/g, total coliform count (TCC) was Salmonella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected. The colonies for yeast and moulds were <30 cfu/g throughout the evaluation time of 21 days. The PVs of wheat muffins increased with an increase in the substitution level. The PVs of enriched wheat muffins increased with an increase in storage time and temperature. The shelf-life of the wheat muffins decreased with an increase in the substitution level of wheat flour with G. zambesina caterpillar flour. The predicted shelf life of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% wheat muffins was 120.0 days, 111.0 days, 103.0 days, 102.0 days and 90.0 days, respectively. Therefore, wheat muffins enriched with G. zambesina caterpillar flour have good microbiological quality and shelf life.

摘要： In this paper, we respectively add antioxidants TBHQ to three kinds of oils and fatsoil, lard, at different temperatures, measure the peroxide value, free fatty acids, anisidine valueand compare the relationship between lipid oxidation with temperature and time, identifyingtors of affecting lipid oxidation，butter, palmand analysisthe main factors of affecting lipid oxidation.

摘要： The corrosion and high-temperature oxidation characteristics of AM60 magnesium alloys in different environments were investigated by means of immersion test，electrochemical polarizing analysis and DTA/TG experiments. The influence of aging heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of AM60 magnesium alloys has been studied in details. It showed better corrosion resistance in sea water than in 3.5wt％ NaCl solution. The corrosion resistance after aging 24h was better than that of both as-cast and aging 48h ones. Corrosion resistance of Mg Alloy is controlled by microstructure，composition of αmatrix. Precipitation of βphase along the grain boundaries acts as a barrier which decrease corrosion rate，while the decrease of aluminum content of α causing an increase in the corrosion rate. The DTA and TG curves of heating process in air are characterized with combustion after 590°C. While heating in helium，the curves show two endothermal peaks and a remarkable evaporation of magnesium. Are different each other for AM60 heated in air and helium atmosphere. As for isothermal DTA and TG experiment，weight increment does happen till 520°C which results from oxidation.

摘要： 本发明涉及锂复合氧化物，尤其涉及在测量由具有R‑3m空间群的六角晶格定义的XRD时，FWHM(104)值的范围与镍的摩尔分数维持一定关系的锂复合氧化物。本发明的锂复合氧化物，使原粒子大小维持一定范围，以使由具有R‑3m空间群的六角晶格定义的(104)峰值的半宽度FWHM(104)值的范围与镍的摩尔分数维持一定关系，从而改善包含富镍系阳极活性物质的电池的寿命特性。

摘要： 本发明涉及新的除草水悬浮乳剂或水悬浮剂组合物，其包含除草活性剂和作为稳定剂的气相氧化铝，具有优异的化学和物理稳定剂以及优异的再分散特性。

摘要： 本发明属医药技术领域，具体涉及一种三尖杉酯碱类N‑oxide衍生物及其制备方法和在制备抗肿瘤药物中的用途。本发明从三尖杉科三尖杉属植物篦子三尖杉枝叶中分离得到N‑oxide形式的三尖杉酯碱类成分(cephaloverines A‑D)，并经体外活性测试证实，所述生物碱成分(cephaloverines A‑D)对人非小细胞肺癌(A549)、人大细胞肺癌(NCI‑H460)、人早幼粒急性白血病(HL60)、人浆细胞白血病(NCI‑H929)和人骨髓瘤细胞(RPMI‑8226)等细胞株的增殖均具有显著的抑制活性，因而可用于制备治疗肺癌、白血病和骨髓瘤等肿瘤疾病的药物。

摘要： 本发明涉及锂复合氧化物，尤其涉及在测量由具有R‑3m空间群的六角晶格定义的XRD时，FWHM(104)值的范围与镍的摩尔分数维持一定关系的锂复合氧化物。本发明的锂复合氧化物，使原粒子大小维持一定范围，以使由具有R‑3m空间群的六角晶格定义的(104)峰值的半宽度FWHM(104)值的范围与镍的摩尔分数维持一定关系，从而改善包含富镍系阳极活性物质的电池的寿命特性。

摘要： 一种为气态吸入剂的Nitrous Oxide作为治疗神经官能症的用途，所述药剂是由一氧化二氮和氧气组成的均匀混合的气体，含有一氧化二氮的治疗神经官能症药剂中一氧化二氮气体的质量分数为55％～75％，氧气气体的质量分数为25％～45％，用于治疗神经衰弱症、焦虑症、恐惧症、强迫症、躯体形式障碍症、疑病症中的至少一种；具有起效快、副作用小，显著的抗焦虑治疗效果，是一种新的、安全、有效的神经症治疗方向。

摘要： 本发明涉及新的除草水悬浮乳剂或水悬浮剂组合物，其包含除草活性剂和作为稳定剂的气相氧化铝，具有优异的化学和物理稳定剂以及优异的再分散特性。

摘要： 本发明涉及一种球形尖晶石Li－Mn－Oxide锂离子电池正极材料的制备方法，该方法首先是利用特殊的低温电解技术制取球形纯或复合M金属氧化物MnO2微粒，然后通过溶(熔)扩散过程引入锂离子，经热反应得尖晶石LiMxMn2－xO4正极材料；本发明的方法制备的球形尖晶石Li－Mn－Oxide锂离子电池正极材料不同于现已报道的传统固相法、燃烧法、溶(熔)液浸渍法、共沉淀法、溶胶－凝胶法、乳液－干燥法、模板法、水热法等所制得多面类柱状材料，由于球形为空间几何形中单位体积外表面积最小的形状，球形正极材料大大减小正极材料暴露于电解质溶液的表面积，避免了尖端活性效应，抑制Mn2+溶解流失和电解液的分解，从而改进和提高LiMn2O4正极材料性能，并且可以大大改善电池极片综合性能。

摘要： 环磷烯氧化物;共轭二烯或共轭三烯与三卤化磷反应形成一个反应中间体。利用溶剂而被活化的反应中间体与一个亲核试剂进行反应形成环磷烯氧化物。