美国材料与试验协会

摘要： 1.1This specification covers ethylbenzene.1.2The following applies to all specified limits in this specification for purposes of determining conformance with this specification, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of PracticeE29.1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this specification.1.4Consult current OSHA regulations, supplier’s Safety Data Sheet for all materials, and local regulations used in this specification.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

摘要： 1.1This test method covers the determination of total chloride (organic and inorganic) in liquid aromatic hydrocarbons and cyclohexane.1.2The test method is applicable to samples with chloride concentrations of 1 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg.1.3Bromides and iodides, if present, will be calculated as chlorides.1.4Materials, such as styrene, that are polymerized by sodium biphenyl reagent cannot be analyzed by this test method.1.5In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of PracticeE29.1.6The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For a specific hazard statement, see Section7.1.8This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1Organic and inorganic chlorine compounds can have a deleterious effect on equipment and reactions in processes involving aromatic hydrocarbons.4.2Maximum chloride levels are often specified for process streams and for aromatic hydrocarbon products.

摘要： 1.1This test method specifies the apparatus and procedures for the electrometric measurement of pH values of aqueous solutions with the glass electrode. It does not deal with the manner in which the solutions are prepared. pH measurements of good precision can be made in aqueous solutions containing high concentrations of electrolytes or water-soluble organic compounds, or both. It should be understood, however, that pH measurements in such solutions are only a semiquantitative indication of hydrogen ion concentration or activity. The measured pH will yield an accurate result for these quantities only when the composition of the medium matches approximately that of the standard reference solutions. In general, this test method will not give an accurate measure of hydrogen ion activity unless the pH lies between 2 and 12 and the concentration of neither electrolytes nor nonelectrolytes exceeds 0.1 mol/L (M).1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of PracticeE29.1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1pH is, within the limits described in1.1, an accurate measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration and thus is widely used for the characterization of aqueous solutions.4.2pH measurement is one of the main process control variables in the chemical industry and has a prominent place in pollution control.

摘要： 1.1This test method covers the procedure for the determination of the dry or wet (moisture conditioned) glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer matrix composites containing high-modulus, 20 GPa (> 3 × 106psi), fibers using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) under flexural oscillation mode, which is a specific subset of the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) method.1.2The glass transition temperature is dependent upon the physical property measured, the type of measuring apparatus and the experimental parameters used. The glass transition temperature determined by this test method (referred to as “DMA Tg”) may not be the same as that reported by other measurement techniques on the same test specimen.1.3This test method is primarily intended for polymer matrix composites reinforced by continuous, oriented, high-modulus fibers. Other materials, such as neat resin, may require non-standard deviations from this test method to achieve meaningful results.1.4The values stated in SI units are standard. The values given in parentheses are non-standard mathematical conversions to common units that are provided for information only.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1This test method is designed to determine the glass transition temperature of continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites using the DMA method. The DMA Tg value is frequently used to indicate the upper use temperature of composite materials, as well as for quality control of composite materials.

摘要： 1.1This test method is intended as a general guide for the application of the volumetric Karl Fischer (KF) titration for determining free water and water of hydration in most solid or liquid organic and inorganic compounds. This test method is designed for use with automatic titration systems capable of determining the KF titration end point potentiometrically; however, a manual titration method for determining the end point visually is included asAppendix X1. Samples that are gaseous at room temperature are not covered (seeAppendix X4). This test method covers the use of pyridine-free KF reagents for determining water by the volumetric titration. Determination of water using KF coulometric titration is not discussed. By proper choice of the sample size, KF reagent concentration and apparatus, this test method is suitable for measurement of water over a wide concentration range, that is, parts per million to pure water.1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific warnings are given in3.1.1.4Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, and safety precautions for chemicals used in this test procedure.1.5This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1Titration techniques using KF reagent are one of the most widely used for the determination of water.4.2Although the volumetric KF titration can determine low levels of water, it is generally accepted that coulometric KF titrations (see Test MethodE1064) are more accurate for routine determination of very low levels of water. As a general rule, if samples routinely contain water concentrations of 500 mg/kg or less, the coulometric technique should be considered.4.3Applications can be subdivided into two sections: (1) organic and inorganic compounds, in which water may be determined directly, and (2) compounds, in which water cannot be determined directly, but in which interferences may be eliminated by suitable chemical reactions or modifications of the procedure. Further discussion of interferences is included in Section5andAppendix X2.4.4Water can be determined directly in the presence of the following types of compounds:Organic CompoundsAcetalsEthersAcids (Note 1)HalidesAcyl halidesHydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated)AlcoholsKetones, stable (Note 4)Aldehydes, stable (Note 2)NitrilesAmidesOrthoestersAmines, weak (Note 3)Peroxides (hydro, dialkyl)AnhydridesSulfidesDisulfidesThiocyanatesEstersThioestersInorganic CompoundsAcids (Note 5)Cupric oxideAcid oxides (Note 6)DesiccantsAluminum oxidesHydrazine sulfateAnhydridesSalts of organic and inorganic acids (Note 6)Barium dioxideCalcium carbonateNote 1:Some acids, such as formic, acetic, and adipic acid, are slowly esterified. When using pyridine-free reagents, commercially available buffer solutions can be added to the sample prior to titration. With formic acid, it may be necessary to use methanol-free solvents and titrants(1).4Note 2:Examples of stable aldehydes are formaldehyde, sugars, chloral, etc. Formaldehyde polymers contain water as methylol groups. This combined water is not titrated. Addition of an excess of NaOCH3in methanol permits release and titration of this combined water, after approximate neutralization of excess base with acetic acid (seeNote 9).Note 3:Weak amines are considered to be those withKbvalue <2.4 × 10−5.Note 4:Examples of stable ketones are diisopropyl ketone, camphor, benzophenone, benzil, dibenzolacetone, etc.Note 5:Sulfuric acid up to a concentration of 92 % may be titrated directly; for higher concentrations seeNote 13.Note 6:Compounds subject to oxidation-reduction reactions in an iodine-iodide system interfere.

摘要： 1.1This specification covers functional dimensions for fixation pins and wires.1.2In recognition of many broad and varied uses of such pins and wires, many options are included. A variety, but not necessarily all, of the options are illustrated inFigs. 1-3.FIG. 1Fixation Pins and WiresNote 1:Pins and wires may be smooth shank or threaded.Note 2:Point angle and helix angle, where applicable, is as specified by the manufacturer.Note 3:On square or triangular shanks, flats are equal and corners are on the same circumference as the pin diameter. Shank diameters on pins larger than 3.2 mm may be reduced.Note 4:Optional designs, both ends pointed or point with suture hole.FIG. 2Fixation Pin—Knowles TypeNote 1:Shall be made of one piece of material; that is, not an assembly of two or more pieces.Note 2:Thread major diameter may be the same or larger than the shaft diameter.Note 3:Thread length shall be optional to suit the intended medical application.Note 4:Optional marking in this location.FIG. 3Fixation Pin—Hagie TypeNote 1:Thread major diameter may be the same or larger than the shaft diameter.Note 2:Thread length shall be optional to suit the intended medical application.1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

摘要： 1.1This specification covers the requirements for wrought seamless and welded and drawn cobalt alloy small diameter tubing used for the manufacture of surgical implants. Material shall conform to the applicable requirements of SpecificationsF90,F562,F688,F1058orF1537, Alloy 1. This specification addresses those product variables that differentiate small diameter medical tubing from the bar, wire, sheet, and strip product forms covered in these specifications.1.2This specification applies to straight length tubing with 6.3 mm [0.250 in.] and smaller nominal outside diameter (OD) and 0.76 mm [0.030 in.] and thinner nominal wall thickness.1.3The specifications in2.1are referred to as the ASTM material standard(s) in this specification.1.4The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

摘要： 1.1This guide provides direction for measuring the ability of detergents to prevent the deposition of soils from detergent solutions onto fabrics. It is intended as a laboratory screening test to aid in the formulation of detergent products, for quality control, and as a basis between the purchaser and seller in standardizing specific products' performance.1.2The anti-soil deposition performance of detergent products will vary greatly depending on the type of soils and fabrics used in the test. Therefore, selection of the soils, fabrics, reference detergents, and test conditions shall be made by agreement between the interested parties on the basis of experience.1.3There is no single or combination of oily soils or particulate soils, or both, that will precisely predict overall the performance of a product or treatment with respect to anti-redeposition as perceived by a consumer. This guide is intended to assess or compare detergent performance with respect to the anti-redeposition performance for the specific soil chosen.1.4The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Material safety data sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1The guide can be used to compare anti-redeposition performance of products; however, there is no confirmed basis for correlation of this controlled laboratory technique with consumers’ ranking of anti-redeposition performance.

摘要： 1.1This guide covers selection criteria to assist procurers in selecting the appropriate incinerator for their needs.1.2This guide is a companion document to SpecificationF1323.1.3This guide does not apply to incinerator systems on special incinerator ships, for example, for burning industrial wastes such as chemicals, manufacturing residues, and so forth.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

摘要： 1.1This test method describes the experimental methods and procedures for the determination of the critical mode I interlaminar strain energy release rate of continuous fiber- reinforced ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials in terms ofGIc. This property is also sometimes described as the mode I fracture toughness or the mode I fracture resistance.1.2This test method applies primarily to ceramic matrix composite materials with a 2-D laminate structure, consisting of lay-ups of continuous ceramic fibers, in unidirectional tape or 2-D woven fabric architectures, within a brittle ceramic matrix.1.3This test method determines the elastic strain energy released per unit of new surface area created as a delamination grows at the interlaminar interface between two lamina or plies. The term delamination is used in this test method to specifically refer to this type of growth, while the term crack is a more general term that can also refer to matrix cracking, intralaminar delamination growth, or fiber fracture.1.4This test method uses a double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen to determine the critical mode I interlaminar strain energy release rate (GIc). A DCB test method has been standardized for polymer matrix composites (PMCs) under Test MethodD5528. This test method addresses a similar procedure, but with modifications to account for the different physical properties, reinforcement architectures, stress-strain response, and failure mechanisms of CMCs compared to PMCs.1.5This test is written for ambient temperature and atmospheric test conditions, but the test method can also be used for elevated temperature or environmental exposure testing with the use of an appropriate environmental test chamber, measurement equipment for controlling and measuring the chamber temperature, humidity, and atmosphere, high temperature gripping fixtures, and modified equipment for measuring delamination growth.1.6The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6.1Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) andIEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.7This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazard statements are given in Section8.1.8This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1Interlaminar delamination growth can be a critical failure mode in laminated CMC structures. Knowledge of the resistance to interlaminar delamination growth of a laminated CMC is essential for material development and selection, and for CMC component design. (See(1-8)3which giveGIcvalues of 20 J/m2to 800 J/m2for different CMC and carbon-carbon composite systems at ambient temperatures.)5.2Conducting this test produces multiple values ofGIcwhich are traditionally plotted against the delamination length at which that value was measured (seeFig. 2). The specific data of value to the test requestor will depend on the end use that motivated testing.5.2.1The first increment of growth, initiated from a pre-implanted insert or machined notch, is sometimes described as the non-precracked (NPC) toughness. NPC toughness may be of interest, as it can represent manufacturing or processing defects, such as foreign object debris in a laminate or an error during machining.5.2.2The next increment of growth, initiated from the sharp crack tip assumed to be present after the first increment, is sometimes defined as the precracked (PC) toughness. PC toughness may be of interest, as it is more representative of the resistance to delamination growth from a naturally occurring or damage-induced delamination.5.2.3The remaining increments of growth, collectively forming an R-curve, provide information on howGIcevolves as the delamination advances. In unidirectional tape laminates, the R-curve is often increasing due to bridging of nested fibers across the delamination plane, artificially increasingGIc. For 2-D woven laminates for which there is little interply nesting, the R-curve may be flat.5.2.4The increments of growth in which the R-curve is flat, andGIchas reached a steady state value defined asGIR, may be of interest and may also useful in design and analysis.5.3This test method for measurement ofGIcof CMC materials can serve the following purposes:5.3.1To establish quantitatively the effect of CMC material variables (fiber interface coatings, matrix structure and porosity, fiber architecture, processing and environmental variables, conditioning/exposure treatments, etc.) onGIcand the interlaminar crack growth and damage mechanisms of a particular CMC material;5.3.2To determine if a CMC material shows R-curve behavior whereGIcchanges with crack extension or reaches a stable value at a given amount of delamination growth.Fig. 2shows R-curve behavior for a SiC-SiC composite(1);5.3.3To develop delamination failure criteria and design allowables for CMC damage tolerance, durability or reliability analyses, and life prediction;Note 3:Test data can only reliably be used for this purpose if there is confidence that the test is yielding a material property and not a structural, geometry-dependent, property.5.3.4To compare quantitatively the relative values ofGIcfor different CMC materials with different constituents and material properties, reinforcement architectures, processing parameters, or environmental exposure conditions; and5.3.5To compare quantitatively the values ofGIcobtained from different batches of a specific CMC material, to perform lot acceptance quality control, to use as a material screening criterion, or to assess batch variability.

摘要： 1.1This practice covers the requirements for inspection and acceptance of installed reinforced concrete pipe by either person-entry, or remote inspection as shown inFigs. 1 and2, respectively.FIG. 1Person Entry InspectionFIG. 2Remote Inspection Camera1.2The scope of this specification is intended for installation related observations and assumes that pre-installation inspection has been completed.1.3The reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain and storm sewer pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with SpecificationC76,C506,C507,C655,C1417, orC1846/C1846Mand accepted in accordance with AASHTO R 73. This specification shall only be used for gravity, non-pressure storm drainage applications.1.4Person Entry shall be used unless extenuating circumstances preclude this type inspection. Remote inspection is acceptable for use for pipe diameters of 30 in. [750 mm] and smaller unless otherwise specified by owner or engineer.1.5Access of installed pipe for manual inspection shall follow OSHA 29 CFR PART 1926 SUBPART AA regulations for confined space entry.However, this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6This practice does not cover deformation or deflection assessment. Concrete pipe is classified as a rigid structure because they do not bend or deflect appreciably under load before cracking. Due to these facts shape evaluation are of little or no value when evaluating concrete pipe.1.7The values stated in either Imperial/US or [SI units] are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.1.8This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1The inspection of installed reinforced concrete pipe verifies proper installation of the product and establishes thresholds for comparison further evaluation.4.2This practice is useful as a reference by an owner in preparing project specifications and to identify, evaluate and interpret observations during post installation inspections of pipe.

摘要： 1.1This specification includes the manufacturing requirements and installation guidelines of a precast duct bank system including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) duct enclosed in a concrete envelope. This specification also includes information relating to trenching, backfilling, plugging, and other incidentals necessary for a complete installation.1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

摘要： 1.1This specification covers the manufacturing requirements for precast reinforced concrete monolithic box sections that are intended to be installed using jacking techniques. The typical use of this type of product is for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage.1.2The requirements of this specification are intended to supplement the existing manufacturing standards for precast reinforced concrete box sections and provide the additional manufacturing details required for box sections that will be installed using jacking techniques. The parent manufacturing standard for the precast reinforced concrete box sections is denoted as the “designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standard” throughout this document. The requirements included within shall supplement and supersede the designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standard when the box sections are to be used for jacking.Note 1:This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification for precast reinforced concrete box sections installed using jacking techniques, to be utilized in conjunction with the designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standard. It is possible that such box sections will require a special design to withstand the anticipated longitudinal loading. Additional calculations and information beyond what are required for a non-jacked installed box section are required to establish maximum jacking forces. For calculating allowable jacking forces, ASCE 28 may be referenced.Note 2:This standard may be used to supplement existing standards for precast reinforced concrete box sections when the box sections will be installed using trenchless methods. Such “designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standards” include, but are not limited, to ASTMC1433, ASTMC1577, and AASHTO M259.1.3Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

摘要： 1.1This guide covers the preparation of aqueous solutions of soaps and detergents and the determination of their pH.1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.1.4This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

摘要： 1.1This test method2,3covers the determination of the efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents as defined in TerminologyD459. This test method is applicable under limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily yield information correlating with specific end uses.1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

摘要： 1.1This is a guide for measuring the ability of detergents to remove artificially applied soils from fabrics. It is intended as a laboratory screening test to aid in the formulation of detergent products, for quality control and as a basis between the purchaser and seller in standardizing specific products' performance.1.2The relative ranking of detergent products will vary greatly depending on the type of soiled fabrics used in the test. Therefore, selection of the standard soiled fabric to be used in a test shall be made by agreement between the interested parties on the basis of experience.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1The guide, as now constituted, is not suitable for ranking of detergent products since no basis is available at this time for correlation of the detergency performance of any particular soiled cloth or clothes with detergency of naturally soiled articles.4.2A suggested procedure for comparing the performance of any two laundry detergents on naturally soiled family items in home laundry equipment under controlled conditions on a paired comparison basis is described in MethodD2960.

摘要： 1.1This test method covers collection and comparison of logs of thermalized-neutron counts and back-scattered gamma counts along horizontal or vertical air-filled access tubes.1.2For limitations, see Section6, “Interferences.”1.3The in situ water content in mass per unit volume and the density in mass per unit volume of soil and rock at positions or in intervals along the length of an access tube are calculated by comparing the thermal neutron count rate and gamma count rates respectively to previously established calibration data.1.4Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Within the text of this standard, SI units appear first followed by the inch-pound (or other non-SI) units in brackets1.4.1Reporting the test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with the standard.1.5All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.5.1The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazards, see Section8.1.7This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1This test method is useful as a repeatable, nondestructive technique to monitor in-place density and moisture of soil and rock along lengthy sections of horizontal, slanted, and vertical access holes or tubes. With proper calibration in accordance withAnnex A1, this test method can be used to quantify changes in density and moisture content of soil and rock.5.2This test method is used in vadose zone monitoring, for performance assessment of engineered barriers at waste facilities, and for research related to monitoring the movement of liquids (water solutions and hydrocarbons) through soil and rock. The nondestructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements at a site and statistical analysis of results.5.3The fundamental assumptions inherent in the density measurement portion of this test method are that Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption are the dominant interactions of the gamma rays with the material under test.5.4The probe response, in counts, can be converted to wet density by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data (seeAnnex A1).5.5The probe count response may also be utilized directly for unitless, relative comparison with other probe readings.5.5.1For materials of densities higher than that of about the density of water, higher count rates within the same soil type relate to lower densities and, conversely, lower count rates within the same soil type relate to higher densities.5.5.2For materials of densities lower than the density of water, higher count rates within the same soil type relate to higher densities and, conversely, lower count rates within the same soil type relate to lower densities.5.5.3Because of the functional inflection of probe response for densities near the density of water, exercise great care when drawing conclusions from probe response in this density range.5.6The fundamental assumption inherent in the moisture measurement portion of this test is that the hydrogen contained in the water molecules within the soil and rock is the dominant neutron thermalizing media, so increased water content of the soil and rock results in higher count rates of the moisture content system of the instrument.

摘要： 1.1This test method covers the determination of total carbonyl in the range from 0.5 μg to 50 μg calculated as CO.1.2This test method is intended to be general and does not include steps for sample preparation.1.3Acetals that hydrolyze under the conditions of the test are also determined.1.4Carbonyl derivatives such as acetals and imines that are easily hydrolyzed may be determined by an alternative procedure.1.5The developed color is not stable and must be measured within a specified period.Note 1:Other test methods for the determination of traces of carbonyl compounds are given in Test MethodsD1089,D1612,D2119, andD2191.1.6Review the current appropriate Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, and safety precautions.1.7The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of PracticeE29.1.9This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazards statements are given in Section7and Section8.1.10This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1This test method is applicable to the determination of trace amounts of aldehydes and ketones in aqueous solutions and a wide variety of organic solvents.

摘要： 1.1This test method covers the determination of water from 0 % to 2.0 % mass in most liquid organic chemicals, with Karl Fischer reagent, using an automated coulometric titration procedure. Use of this test method is not applicable for liquefied gas products such as Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Butane, Propane, Liquid Natural Gas (LNG), etc.1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first-aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions.1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautionary statements are given in Section8.1.5This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1The coulometric technique is especially suited for determining low concentrations of water in organic liquids that would yield small titers by the Karl Fischer volumetric procedure. The precision and accuracy of the coulometric technique decreases for concentrations of water much greater than 2.0 % because of the difficulty in measuring the small size of sample required. The test method assumes 100 % efficiency of coulombs in iodine production. Provision is made for verifying this efficiency. (SeeTable 1andNote 5.)

摘要： 1.1This specification2covers general requirements that shall apply to wrought stainless steel bars, shapes, forgings, and billets or other semi-finished material (except wire) for forging, under each of the following specifications issued by ASTM: SpecificationsA276/A276M,A314,A458,A477,A479/A479M,A564/A564M,A565/A565M,A582/A582M,A638/A638M,A705/A705M, andA831/A831M.1.2In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by waiving a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.1.3The requirements for introduction of new materials in specifications referencing this specification are given inAnnex A1.1.4General requirements for flat-rolled stainless steel products other than bar are covered in SpecificationA480/A480M.1.5General requirements for wire products in coils are covered in SpecificationA555/A555M.1.6This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.7This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.