军事工程、军事物资、武器

摘要： 1.1This guide is intended to determine the relative environmental influence of new substances, consistent with the research and development (R&D) level of effort and is intended to be applied in a logical, tiered manner that parallels both the available funding and the stage of research, development, testing, and evaluation. Specifically, conservative assumptions, relationships, and models are recommended early in the research stage, and as the technology is matured, empirical data will be developed and used. Munition constituents are included and may include propellants, oxidizers, explosives, binders, stabilizers, metals, dyes, and other compounds used in the formulation to produce a desired effect. Munition systems range from projectiles, grenades, rockets/missiles, training simulators, to smokes and obscurants. Given the complexity of issues involved in the assessment of environmental fate and effects and the diversity of the systems used, this guide is broad in scope and not intended to address every factor that may be important in an environmental context. Rather, it is intended to reduce uncertainty at minimal cost by considering the most important factors related to human health and environmental impacts of energetic materials. This guide provides an outline for collecting data useful in a relative ranking procedure to provide the systems scientist with a sound basis for prospectively determining a selection of candidates based on environmental and human health criteria. The general principles in this guide are applicable to substances other than energetics if intended to be used in a similar manner with similar exposure profiles.1.2The scope of this guide includes:1.2.1Energetic and other new/novel materials and compositions in all stages of research, development, test and evaluation.1.2.2Environmental assessment, including:1.2.2.1Human and ecological effects of the unexploded energetics and compositions on the environment.1.2.2.2Environmental transport mechanisms of the unexploded energetics and composition.1.2.2.3Degradation and bioaccumulation properties.1.2.3Occupational health impacts from manufacture and use of the energetic substances and compositions to include load, assembly, and packing of the related munitions.1.3Given the wide array of applications, the methods in this guide are not prescriptive. They are intended to provide flexible, general methods that can be used to evaluate factors important in determining environmental consequences from use of new substances in weapon systems and platforms.1.4Factors that affect the health of humans as well as the environment are considered early in the development process. Since some of these data are valuable in determining health effects from generalized exposure, effects from occupational exposures are also included.1.5This guide does not address all processes and factors important to the fate, transport, and potential for effects in every system. It is intended to be balanced effort between scientific and practical means to evaluate the relative environmental effects of munition compounds resulting from intended use. It is the responsibility of the user to assess data quality as well as sufficiently characterize the scope and magnitude of uncertainty associated with any application of this standard.1.6Integration of disparate information and data streams developed from using the methods described in this guide is challenging and may not be straight-forward. Professional assistance from subject matter experts familiar with the fields of toxicology and risk assessment is advised.1.7This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1The purpose of this guide is to provide a logical, tiered approach in the development of environmental health criteria coincident with level and effort in the research, development, testing, and evaluation of new materials for military use. Various levels of uncertainty are associated with data collected from previous stages. Following the recommendation in the guide should reduce the relative uncertainty of the data collected at each developmental stage. At each stage, a general weight of evidence qualifier shall accompany each exposure/effect relationship. They may be simple (for example, low, medium, or high confidence) or sophisticated using a numerical value for each predictor as a multiplier to ascertain relative confidence in each step of risk characterization. The specific method used will depend on the stage of development, quantity and availability of data, variation in the measurement, and general knowledge of the dataset. Since specific formulations, conditions, and use scenarios may not be known until the later stages, exposure estimates can be determined when practical (for example, Engineering and Manufacturing Development; see6.6). Exposure data can then be used with other toxicological data collected from previous stages in a quantitative risk assessment to determine the relative degree of hazard.5.2Data developed from the use of this guide are designed to be consistent with criteria required in weapons and weapons system development (for example, programmatic environment, safety and occupational health evaluations, environmental assessments/environmental impact statements, toxicity clearances, and technical data sheets).5.3Information shall be evaluated in a flexible manner consistent with the needs of the authorizing program. This requires proper characterization of the current problem. For example, compounds may be ranked relative to the environmental criteria of the prospective alternatives, the replacement compound, and within bounds of absolute environmental values. A weight of evidence (evaluation of uncertainty and variability) must also be considered with each criterion at each stage to allow for a proper assessment of the potential for adverse environmental or occupational effects; see6.8.5.4This standard approach requires environment, safety, and occupational health (ESOH) technical experts to determine the magnitude of the hazard and system engineers/researchers to evaluate the acceptability of the risk. Generally, the higher developmental stages require a higher managerial level of approval.

摘要： 1.1Purpose—The purpose of this classification is to define eightstandard environmental condition of property area typesfor federally-owned realpropertywith respect to the requirements of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 Section 120(h), as amended by the Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act (CERFA) of 1992, and Section 331 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997. As such, this classification is intended to permit a federal landholding agency to classifypropertyinto eight area types, in order to facilitate and support findings of suitability to transfer (FOSTs), findings of suitability to lease (FOSLs), and uncontaminated parcel determinations pursuant to the requirements of CERFA.Users of this classification should note that it does not address (except where noted explicitly) requirements for appropriate and timely regulatory consultation or concurrence, or both, during the identification and use of these environmental condition of property area types.1.1.1Eight Recognized Standard Environmental Condition of Property Area Types—The goal of this classification is to permit federal landholding agencies to classify properties in order to support determinations of which properties are suitable and unsuitable for transfer by lease or by deed. The term “standard environmental condition of property area type” refers to one of the eight area types defined in this classification. An identification of an area type on an environmental condition ofpropertymap means that a federal landholding agency federally-owned has conducted sufficient studies to make a determination of therecognized environmental conditionsof installation realpropertyor has complied with the identification requirements of uncontaminatedpropertyunder CERFA, or both, and has categorized thepropertyinto one of the following eight area types:1.1.1.1Standard Environmental Condition of Property Area Type 1—An area or parcel of realpropertywhere no release, ordisposalof hazardous substances orpetroleum productsor their derivatives has occurred (including nomigrationof these substances fromadjoining properties).1.1.1.2Standard Environmental Condition of Property Area Type 2—An area or parcel of realpropertywhere only the release ordisposalofpetroleum productsor their derivatives has occurred.1.1.1.3Standard Environmental Condition of Property Area Type 3—An area or parcel of realpropertywhere release,disposal, ormigration, or some combination thereof, of hazardous substances has occurred, but at concentrations that do not require a removal or remedial action.1.1.1.4Standard Environmental Condition of Property Area Type 4—An area or parcel of realpropertywhere release,disposal, ormigration, or some combination thereof, of hazardous substances has occurred, and all remedial actions necessary to protect human health and the environment have been taken.1.1.1.5Standard Environmental Condition of Property Area Type 5—An area or parcel of realpropertywhere release,disposal, ormigration, or some combination thereof, of hazardous substances has occurred and removal or remedial actions, or both, are under way, but all required actions have not yet been taken.1.1.1.6Standard Environmental Condition of Property Area Type 6—An area or parcel of realpropertywhere release,disposal, ormigration, or some combination thereof, of hazardous substances has occurred, butrequired response actionshave not yet been initiated.1.1.1.7Standard Environmental Condition of Property Area Type 7—An area or parcel of realpropertythat isunevaluatedor requires additional evaluation.1.1.1.8Standard Environmental Condition of Property Area Type 8—An area or parcel of realpropertywhere the release,disposal, ormigration, or some combination thereof of hazardous substances or emerging contaminants of environmental concern has likely occurred, but response actions either(1)have not yet been determined, or(2)are being managed under the auspices of an ARAR, such as a federal or state health advisory, or other federal regulatory program such as the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).1.1.2CERCLA Section 120(h) Requirements—This classification of environmental condition ofpropertyarea types is consistent with CERCLA § 120(h) requirements relating to the transfer of contaminated federal realproperty(42 USC 9601et seq.). Areas classified as Area Types 1 through 4, as defined in this classification, are suitable, with respect to CERCLA § 120(h) requirements, for deed transfer to a non-federal recipient.1.1.3CERFA Requirements—This classification of environmental condition ofpropertyarea types can be used in conjunction with the reporting requirements of CERFA, which amended CERCLA (Public Law 102-426, 106 Statute 2174). As defined in this classification, areas classified as Type 1 areas are eligible for reporting as “uncontaminated property” under the provisions of CERFA. At federal installations listed on the national priorities list, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concurrence must be obtained for a parcel to be considered uncontaminated and therefore transferable under CERCLA § 120(h)(4). EPA has stated as a matter of policy that there may be instances in which it would be appropriate to concur with the military service that certain parcels can be identified as uncontaminated under CERCLA § 120(h)(4), although some limited quantity of hazardous substances orpetroleum productshave been stored, released, or disposed of on the parcel. If the information available indicates that thestorage, release, ordisposalwas associated with activities that would not be expected to pose a threat to human health or the environment (for example, housing areas, petroleum-stained pavement areas, and areas having undergone routine application of pesticides), such parcels should be eligible for expeditious reuse.1.1.4Petroleum Products—Petroleum products and their derivatives are included within the scope of this classification. Under existing agency-specific and US EPA policy, areas on whichpetroleum productsand their derivatives have been released or disposed of may not be suitable for deed transfer until a response action has been completed.1.2Objectives—The objectives guiding the development of this classification are as follows: (1) to synthesize and put in writing a standard classification of environmental condition ofpropertyarea types; (2) to facilitate the development of high-quality, standardized environmental condition ofpropertymaps that can be used to support FOSTs and FOSLs; (3) to facilitate the development of a standard practice for conducting environmental baseline surveys; and (4) to facilitate the development of a standard guide for preparing environmental baseline survey reports.1.3This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1Uses—This classification is intended for use by federal landholding agencies and DoD components in order to direct ECOP efforts. It is also intended for use by preparers and reviewers ofenvironmental condition of property maps,explosives safetycondition maps, and ECOP reports used to support CERFA uncontaminated parcel identifications and parcels suitable for transfer by lease or by deed. This classification should be used to facilitate standardized determinations of the environmental condition andexplosives safetyconditions of a federal landholding agency, FUDS, and DoD installation's realproperty. Suchenvironmental condition of propertyandexplosives safetycondition determinations are necessary to assess the progress of ongoing environmental restoration, identify areas where further response may be required, identify areas where further evaluation is necessary, and to support FOSTs and FOSLs. Anenvironmental condition of property map, andexplosives safetycondition map, if applicable, based upon the ECOP report prepared in accordance with PracticeD6008, is prepared using this classification. The ECOP report may be used to determine theMILCONcategory (see Section8andTable X1.1inAppendix X1).

摘要： 1.1This practice covers the installation procedure for barbed tape.1.2The primary purpose of this practice is to guide those responsible for or concerned with the installation of barbed tape on chain link fences, masonry walls, roofs or used as ground barriers. This standard is not intended to cover aspects of perimeter security for establishing levels of product performance or give analysis relating to various design comparisons.1.3This standard involves the use of material, that may cause injury, including exposure to hazardous materials, and operation of specialized equipment.1.4The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1This practice is intended to provide standard requirements utilizing specialized equipment and hand tools.4.2Ensure that the barbed tape is fabricated from acceptable material and well constructed. Field verification of the barbed tape's acceptability shall be in accordance with the project's specifications and this specification.

摘要： 本文件规定了人民防空疏散基地（以下简称“人防疏散基地”）的规划布局、选址要求、基本功能组成、规模指标、主要建设内容、主要设施配置及其设计与建设要求。本文件适用于新建、改（扩）建的人防疏散基地的规划、设计与建设