土方工程、挖掘、地基构造、地下工程

摘要： 1.1This test method covers procedures for preparing, curing, and testing laboratory-compacted specimens of soil-lime and other lime-treated materials (Note 1) for determining unconfined compressive strength. Depending on the diameter to height ratio, two procedures for determining the unconfined compressive strength of compacted soil-lime mixtures have been developed for specimens prepared at the maximum unit weight and optimum water content, or for specimens prepared at other target unit weight and water content levels. Other applications are given in Section5on Significance and Use.Note 1:Lime-based products other than commercial quicklime and hydrated lime are also used in the lime treatment of fine-grained cohesive soils. Lime kiln dust (LKD) is collected from the kiln exhaust gases by cyclone, electrostatic, or baghouse-type collection systems. Some lime producers hydrate various blends of LKD plus quicklime to produce a lime-based product.1.2Cored specimens of soil-lime should be tested in accordance with Test MethodsD2166/D2166M.1.3Two alternative procedures are provided:1.3.1Procedure A describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens having height-to-diameter ratios between 2.00 and 2.50. This test method provides the standard measure of compressive strength.1.3.2Procedure B describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens using Test MethodsD698compaction equipment and molds commonly available in most soil testing laboratories. Procedure B is considered to provide relative measures of individual specimens in a suite of test specimens rather than standard compressive strength values. Because of the lesser height-to-diameter ratio (1.15) of the cylinders, compressive strength determined by Procedure B will normally be greater than that by Procedure A.1.3.3Results of unconfined compressive strength tests using Procedure B should not be directly compared to those obtained using Procedure A.1.4All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.4.1The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.1.5Lime is not an effective stabilizing agent for all soils. Some soil components such as sulfates, phosphates, organics, etc. can adversely affect soil-lime reactions and may affect the test results using this method.1.6Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6.1The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.1.6.2It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3shall not be regarded as non-conformance with this standard.1.7This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific precautionary statements, see Section8.1.8This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1Compression testing of soil-lime specimens is performed to determine unconfined compressive strength of the cured soil-lime-water mixture to determine the suitability of the mixture for uses such as in pavement bases and subbases, stabilized subgrades, and structural fills.5.2Compressive strength data are used in soil-lime mix design procedures: (a) to determine if a soil will achieve a significant strength increase with the addition of lime; (b) to group soil-lime mixtures into strength classes; (c) to study the effects of variables such as lime percentage, unit weight, water content, curing time, curing temperature, etc.; and (d) to estimate other engineering properties of soil-lime mixtures.5.3Lime is generally classified as calcitic or dolomitic. Usually in soil stabilization, high-calcium lime [CaO] or dolomitic lime [CaO + MgO] are used. The lime is transformed from oxide to hydroxide form [[Ca(OH)2or [Ca(OH)2+ Mg(OH)2]] by the addition of water in the soil, a slurry tank, or at a manufacturing facility. Lime may increase the strength of cohesive soil. The type of lime in combination with soil type influences the resulting compressive strength.Note 2:The agency performing this test method can be evaluated in accordance with PracticeD3740. Notwithstanding statements on precision and bias contained in this method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facility used. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeD3740are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD3740does not, in itself, ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; PracticeD3740provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.

摘要： 1.1These test methods cover the miniature vane test in saturated fine-grained, cohesive clay and silt soils for the estimation of undrained shear strength. Knowledge of the nature of the soil in which each vane test is to be made is necessary for assessment of the applicability and interpretation of the test results. These test methods are not applicable to sandy soils or non-plastic silts, which may allow drainage during the test. These test methods are intended for soils which have an undrained shear strength less than 1.0 tsf [100 kPa].Note 1:Vane failure conditions in higher strength clay and predominately silty soils may deviate from the assumed cylindrical failure surface, thereby causing error in the measured strength.1.2These test methods include the use of both conventional calibrated torque spring units (Method A) and electrical torque transducer units (Method B) with a motorized miniature vane shear device.1.3Laboratory vane is an ideal tool to investigate strength anisotropy in the vertical and horizontal directions, if suitable samples (specimens) are available.1.4The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.4.1The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.1.5All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1The miniature vane shear test may be used to obtain estimates of the undrained shear strength of fine-grained soils. The test provides a rapid determination of the undrained shear strength on undisturbed, or remolded or reconstituted soils.Note 2:Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeD3740are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD3740does not in itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; PracticeD3740provides a means for evaluating some of those factors.

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