防爆

摘要： 本文件规定了烟草加工系统粉尘防爆安全的总体要求、工艺设备点燃源防范要求、除尘设施设备要求、电气安全要求、安全管理要求，描述了证实方法。本文件适用于烟草加工系统粉尘防爆的设计、运行、管理和检查。

摘要： 主要技术内容:本文件规定了气动油桶倒料车智能防爆监测装置的术语和定义、构成及原理、技术要求、试验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、运输及贮存。本文件适用于气动油桶倒料车智能防爆监测装置的生产及检验

摘要： 1.1This test method covers the determination of the temperature at which liquids and solids will spontaneously ignite. These materials must ignite without application of spark or flame in a high-pressure oxygen-enriched environment.1.2This test method is intended for use at pressures of 2.1 MPa to 20.7 MPa [300 psi to 3000 psi]. The pressure used in the description of the method is 10.3 MPa [1500 psi], and is intended for applicability to high pressure conditions. The test method, as described, is for liquids or solids with ignition temperature in the range from 60 °C to 500 °C [140 °F to 932 °F].Note 1:Test Method G72/G72M normally utilizes samples of approximately 0.20 ± 0.03-g mass, a starting pressure of 10.3 MPa [1500 psi] and a temperature ramp rate of 5 °C/min. However, Autogenous Ignition Temperatures (AIT) can also be obtained under other test conditions. Testing experience has shown that AIT testing of volatile liquids can be influenced by the sample pre-conditioning and the sample mass. This will be addressed in the standard as Special Case 1 in subsection8.2.2. Testing experience has also shown that AIT testing of solid or non-volatile liquid materials at low pressures (that is, < 2.1 MPa) can be significantly influenced by the sample mass and the temperature ramp rate. This will be addressed in the standard as Special Case 2, in subsection8.2.3. Since the AIT of a material is dependent on the sample mass/configuration and test conditions, any departure from the standard conditions normally used for Test Method G72/G72M testing should be clearly indicated in the test report.1.3This test method is for high-pressure pure oxygen. The test method may be used in atmospheres from 0.5 % to 100 % oxygen.1.4An apparatus suitable for these requirements is described. This test method could be applied to higher pressures and materials of higher ignition temperature. If more severe requirements or other oxidizers than those described are desired, care must be taken in selecting an alternative safe apparatus capable of withstanding the conditions.1.5The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1Most organic liquids and solids will ignite in a pressurized oxidizing gas atmosphere if heated to a sufficiently high temperature and pressure. This procedure provides a numerical value for the temperature at the onset of ignition under carefully controlled conditions. Means for extrapolation from this idealized situation to the description, appraisal, or regulation of fire and explosion hazards in specific field situations, are not established. Ranking of the ignition temperatures of several materials in the standard apparatus is generally in conformity with field experience.4.2The temperature at which material will ignite spontaneously (AIT) will vary greatly with the geometry of the test system and the rate of heating. To achieve good interlaboratory agreement of ignition temperatures, it is necessary to use equipment of approximately the dimensions described in the test method. It is also necessary to follow the described procedure as closely as possible.4.3The decomposition and oxidation of some fully fluorinated materials releases so little energy that there is no clear-cut indication of ignition. Nor will there be a clear indication of ignition if a sample volatilizes, distilling to another part of the reaction vessel, before reaching ignition temperature.

摘要： 本文件适用于企业的安全生产

摘要： 本文件适用于烟花爆竹零售店（点）的设置和安全管理

摘要： 1.1This terminology defines terms related to the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen enriched atmospheres. It includes those standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G04.1.2The terminology concentrates on terms commonly encountered in and specific to practices and methods used to evaluate the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen. This evaluation is usually performed in a laboratory environment, and this terminology does not attempt to include laboratory terms.1.3This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

摘要： 1.1This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the hot-surface ignition temperature of dust layers, that is, measuring the minimum temperature at which a dust layer will self-heat. The test consists of a dust layer heated on a hot plate.2,31.2Data obtained from this test method provide a relative measure of the hot-surface ignition temperature of a dust layer.1.3This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire hazard risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard risk of a particular end use product.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautionary statements are given in Section8.1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1This test method is applicable to dusts and powders, and provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate hot-surface ignition temperatures of dust layers.5.2The test data can be of value in determining safe operating conditions in industrial plants, mines, manufacturing processes, and locations of material usage and storage.5.3Due to variation of ignition temperature with layer thickness, the test data at one thickness may not be applicable to all industrial situations (seeAppendix X1). Tests at various layer thicknesses may provide a means for extrapolation to thicker layers, as listed in the following for pulverized Pittsburgh bituminous coal dust(2). Mathematical modeling of layer ignition at various layer thicknesses is described in Ref.(3).Layer Thickness, mmHot-Surface Ignition Temperature, °C6.43009.426012.724025.42105.4This hot plate test method allows for loss of heat from the top surface of the dust layer, and therefore generally gives a higher ignition temperature for a material than Test MethodE771, which is a more adiabatic system.5.5This test method for dust layers generally will give a lower ignition temperature than Test MethodE1491, which is for dust clouds. The layer ignition temperature is determined while monitoring for periods of minutes to hours, while the dust cloud is only exposed to the furnace for a period of seconds.Note 1:Much of the literature data for layer ignition is actually from a basket in a heated furnace(4), known as the modified Godbert-Greenwald furnace test. Other data are from nonstandardized hot plates(5-9).5.6Additional information on the significance and use of this test method may be found in Ref.(10).

摘要： 本文件适用于广东省内粉尘涉爆企业开展安全风险辨识、分析、分级与防控工作的实施和管理。本文件不适用于危险化学品、烟花爆竹、火炸药企业以及涉强氧化剂的粉尘场所

摘要： 1.1This test method covers the determination of the minimum concentration of a dust-air mixture that will propagate a deflagration in a near-spherical closed vessel of 20 L or greater volume.Note 1:The minimum explosible concentration (MEC) is also referred to as the lower explosibility limit (LEL) or lean flammability limit (LFL).1.2Data obtained from this test method provide a relative measure of the deflagration characteristics of dust clouds.1.3This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautionary statements are given in Section8.1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate relative deflagration parameters of dusts.5.2The MEC as measured by this test method provides a relative measure of the concentration of a dust cloud necessary for an explosion.5.3Since the MEC as measured by this test method may vary with the uniformity of the dust dispersion, energy of the ignitor, and propagation criteria, the MEC should be considered a relative rather than absolute measurement.5.4If too weak an ignition source is used, the measured MEC would be higher than the “true” value. This is an ignitability limit rather than a flammability limit, and the test could be described as “underdriven.” Ideally, the ignition energy is increased until the measured MEC is independent of ignition energy. However, at some point the ignition energy may become too strong for the size of the test chamber, and the system becomes “overdriven.” When the ignitor flame becomes too large relative to the chamber volume, a test could appear to result in an explosion, while it is actually just dust burning in the ignitor flame with no real propagation beyond the ignitor.5.5The recommended ignition source for measuring the MEC of dusts in 20-L chambers is a 2500 or 5000 J pyrotechnic ignitor.4Measuring the MEC at both ignition energies will provide information on the possible overdriving of the system.5To evaluate the effect of possible overdriving in a 20-L chamber, comparison tests may also be made in a larger chamber, such as a 1 m3-chamber.5.6If a dust ignites with a 5000 J ignitor but not with a 2500 J ignitor in a 20-L chamber, this may be an overdriven system.5In this case, it is recommended that the dust be tested with a 10 000 J ignitor in a larger chamber, such as a 1 m3-chamber, to determine if it is actually explosible.5.7The values obtained by this test method are specific to the sample tested (particularly the particle size distribution) and the method used and are not to be considered intrinsic material constants.

摘要： 1.1This test method describes a method to determine the relative sensitivity of nonmetallic materials (including plastics, elastomers, coatings, etc.) and components (including valves, regulators flexible hoses, etc.) to dynamic pressure impacts by gases such as oxygen, air, or blends of gases containing oxygen.1.2This test method describes the test apparatus and test procedures employed in the evaluation of materials and components for use in gases under dynamic pressure operating conditions up to gauge pressures of 69 MPa and at elevated temperatures.1.3This test method is primarily a test method for ranking of materials and qualifying components for use in gaseous oxygen. The material test method is not necessarily valid for determination of the sensitivity of the materials in an “as-used” configuration since the material sensitivity can be altered because of changes in material configuration, usage, and service conditions/interactions. However, the component testing method outlined herein can be valid for determination of the sensitivity of components under service conditions. The current provisions of this method were based on the testing of components having an inlet diameter (ID bore) less than or equal to 14 mm (seeNote 1).1.4A 5 mm Gaseous Fluid Impact Sensitivity (GFIS) test system and a 14 mm GFIS test system are described in this standard. The 5 mm GFIS system is utilized for materials and components that are directly attached to a high-pressure source and have minimal volume between the material/component and the pressure source. The 14 mm GFIS system is utilized for materials and components that are attached to a high pressure source through a manifold or other higher volume or larger sized connection. Other sizes than these may be utilized but no attempt has been made to characterize the thermal profiles of other volumes and geometries (seeNote 1).Note 1:The energy delivered by this test method is dependent on the gas volume being rapidly compressed at the inlet to the test specimen or test article. Therefore the geometry of the upstream volume (diameter and length) is crucial to the test and crucial to the application of the results to actual service conditions. It is therefore recommended that caution be exercised in applying the results of this testing to rapid pressurization of volumes larger than those standardized by this test method. This energy delivered by this standard is based on the rapid compression of the volume in either a 5 mm ID by 1000 mm long impact tube or a 14 mm ID by 750 mm long impact tube. These two upstream volumes are specified in this standard based on historic application within the industry.1.5This test method can be utilized to provide batch-to-batch comparison screening of materials when the data is analyzed according to the methods described herein. Acceptability of any material by this test method may be based on its 50 % reaction pressure or its probability of ignition based on a logistic regression analysis of the data (described herein).1.6Many ASTM, CGA, and ISO test standards require ignition testing of materials and components by gaseous fluid impact, also referred to as adiabatic compression testing. This test method provides the test system requirements consistent with the requirements of these other various standards. The pass/fail acceptance criteria may be provided within other standards and users should refer to those standards. Pass/fail guidance is provided in this standard such as that noted in section4.6. This test method is designed to ensure that consistent gaseous fluid impact tests are conducted in different laboratories.1.7The criteria used for the acceptance, retest, and rejection, or any combination thereof of materials and components for any given application shall be determined by the user and are not fixed by this method. However, it is recommended that at a minimum the 95 % confidence interval be established for all test results since ignition by this method is inherently probabilistic and should be treated by appropriate statistical methods.1.8The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific precautions see Section7.1.10This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======4.1This test standard describes how to evaluate the relative sensitivity of materials and components to dynamic pressure impacts by various gaseous fluid media (can include gas mixtures).4.2Changes or variations in test specimen configurations, thickness, preparation, and cleanliness can cause a significant change in their impact ignition sensitivity/reaction. For material tests, the test specimen configuration shall be specified on the test report.4.3Changes or variation in the test system configuration from that specified herein may cause a significant change in the severity produced by a dynamic pressure surge of the gaseous media.4.4A reaction is indicated by an abrupt increase in test specimen temperature, by obvious changes in odor, color, or material appearance, or a combination thereof, as observed during post-test examinations. Odor alone is not considered positive evidence that a reaction has occurred. When an increase in test specimen temperature is observed, a test specimen reaction must be confirmed by visual inspection. To aid with visual inspection, magnification less than 10× can be used.4.5When testing components, the test article must be disassembled and the nonmetallic materials examined for evidence of ignition after completion of the specified pressure surge cycles.4.6Ignition or precursors to ignition for any test sample shall be considered a failure and are indicated by burning, material loss, scorching, or melting of a test material detected through direct visual means. Ignition is often indicated by consumption of the non-metallic material under test, whether as an individual material or within a component. Partial ignition can also occur, as shown inFig. 3a, b, and c, and shall also be considered an ignition (failure) for the purpose of this test standard.FIG. 3a Untested PCTFE (10X Magnification) (Polychlorotrifluoroethylene) Sample.FIG. 3b Untested Nylon (PA, polyamide) Valve Seat (10X magnification)(continued)FIG. 3c Untested Pin-Index Sealing Washer (10X magnification)(continued)Note 1:For the purpose of this standard, test samples that visually appear in these conditions, or similar, are considered to be representative of ignition.FIG. 3 Photographs Representing Partial Reactions Including Scorching, Discoloration, Melting and Material Loss or Material Consumption. For the purpose of this standard, test samples that visually appear in these conditions, or similar, are considered to be representative of ignition.Note 2:A representative (exemplar) material or component may be requested by the test laboratory personnel for visual comparison with the post-test condition of the test samples.4.7For material testing, the prescribed procedure is conducted on multiple samples until a statistically significant number of ignitions or no-ignitions, or both, are achieved at various test pressures. The data is then analyzed by a procedure that calculates the median failure pressure (i.e., the 50 % reaction pressure) or the functional form of the ignition probability versus pressure by logistic regression analysis. Materials tested in a similar configuration can be ranked against each other by either of these two criteria. The initial test gas temperature may be varied as required depending on the requirements of the test.4.8For component testing, a specified number of pressure surge cycles are conducted at a defined test pressure, usually specified by a particular industry test standard. Usually, this pressure is 1.2 times the maximum allowable working pressure of the component. The initial test gas temperature may be varied depending on the requirements of the test; however, most commonly the initial test gas temperature is 60 ± 3 °C.

摘要： 1.1This practice may be used for measuring, scoring, and improving the overall performance of detectors that alarm on traces of explosives on swabs. These explosive trace detectors (ETDs) may be based on, but are not limited to, chemical detection technologies such as ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS).1.2This practice considers instrumental (post-sampling) trace detection performance, involving specific chemical analytes across eight types of explosive formulations in the presence of a standard background challenge material. This practice adapts Test MethodE2677for the evaluation of limit of detection, a combined metric of measurement sensitivity and repeatability, which requires ETDs to have numerical responses.1.3This practice considers the effective detection throughput of an ETD by factoring in the sampling rate, interrogated swab area, and estimated maintenance requirements during a typical eight hour shift.1.4This practice does not require, but places extra value on, the specific identification of targeted compounds and explosive formulations.1.5The functionality of multi-mode instruments (those that may be switched between detection of trace explosives, drugs of interest, chemical warfare agents, and other target compounds) may also be tested. A multi-mode instrument under test shall be set to the mode that optimizes operational conditions for the detection of trace explosives. This practice requires the use of a single set of ETD operational settings for calculating a system test score based on the factors described in1.2,1.3, and1.4. A minimum acceptable score is derived from criteria established in PracticeE2520– 07, and an example of such a test is presented inAppendix X1(Example 2).1.6Intended Users—ETD developers and manufacturers, testing laboratories, and international agencies responsible for enabling effective deterrents to terrorism.1.7Actual explosives as test samples would be preferable, but standard explosive formulations are not widely available, nor are methods for depositing these quantitatively and realistically on swabs. This practice considers sixteen compounds that are available from commercial suppliers. This does not imply that only these sixteen are important to trace detection. Most ETDs are able to detect many other compounds, but these are either chemically similar (hence redundant) to the ones considered, or are unavailable from commercial suppliers for reasons of stability and safety. Under typical laboratory practices, the sixteen compounds considered are safe to handle in the quantities used.1.8This practice is not intended to replace any current standard procedure employed by agencies to test performance of ETDs for specific applications. Those procedures may be more rigorous, use different compounds or actual explosive formulations, employ different or more realistic background challenges, and consider environmental sampling procedures and other operational variables.1.9This practice recommends one method for preparation of test swabs, pipetting, because this method is simple, reproducible, quantitative, documented, and applicable to most current detection technologies. Other methods, such as inkjet printing and dry transfer, may generate more realistic analyte distributions and particle sizes, but these methods are not widely available and less familiar. They may be used if the procedures are validated and documented properly.1.10With any deposition method, some compounds are difficult to present to the ETD inlet quantitatively due to volatility and loss during the swab preparation process. Problematic issues pertinent to this practice are identified along with recommended instructions.1.11Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.12This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1This practice may be used to accomplish several ends: to establish a worldwide frame of reference for terminology, metrics, and procedures for reliably determining trace detection performance of ETDs; as a demonstration by the vendor that the equipment is operating properly to a specified performance score; for a periodic verification by the user of detector performance after purchase; and as a generally-acceptable template adaptable by international agencies to specify performance requirements, analytes and dosing levels, background challenges, and operations.5.2It is expected that current ETD systems will exhibit wide ranges of performance across the diverse explosive types and compounds considered. As in previous versions, this practice establishes the minimum performance that is required for a detector to be considered effective in the detection of trace explosives. An explosives detector is considered to have “minimum acceptable performance” when it has attained a test score of at least 80.