土质、土壤学

摘要： 本文件描述了原子荧光法测定农产品产地土壤有效态砷含量的方法。
本文件适用于耕地（旱地、水浇地和水田）土壤有效态砷的测定。
本文件方法检出限为0.5 mg/kg。

摘要： 本文件描述了测定土壤中22种元素的酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱法。
本文件适用于经过均-化后的土壤中锂(Li)、铍(Be)、钪(Sc)、钒(V)、铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、锶(Sr)、钼(Mo)、镉(Cd)、锑(Sb)、钡(Ba)、钨(W)、铊(Tl)、铅(Pb)、铋(Bi)、钍(Th)和铀(U)各元素总量的测定。

摘要： 1.1This test method covers procedures for determining the water content of soils by drying with direct heat, such as using a hotplate, stove or a blowtorch, where the heat is applied to the container and not directly to the soils.1.2This test method can be used as a substitute for Test MethodsD2216when more rapid results are desired to expedite other phases of testing and less accurate results are acceptable.1.3When questions of accuracy between this test method and Test MethodsD2216arise, the results of Test MethodsD2216will be used.1.4This test method is applicable for most soil types. For some soils, such as those containing significant amounts of halloysite, mica, montmorillonite, gypsum, or other hydrated materials, highly organic soils or soils that contain dissolved solids, (such as salt in the case of marine deposits), this test method may not yield reliable water content values due to the potential for heating above 110°C or lack of means to account for the presence of precipitated solids that were previously dissolved.1.5Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard. The sieve designations are identified using the “standard” system in accordance with SpecificationE11, such as 2.0-mm and 19-mm, followed by the “alternative” system of No. 10 and3/4-in., respectively, in parentheses. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.6All observed and calculated values must conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026, unless otherwise superseded by this standard.1.6.1The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for design.1.6.2Significant digits are especially important if the water content will be used to calculate other relationships such as moist mass to dry mass or vice versa, wet unit weight to dry unit weight or vice versa, and total density to dry density or vice versa. For example, if four significant digits are required in any of the above calculations, then the water content must be recorded to the nearest 0.1 %, for water contents below 100 %. This occurs since 1 plus the water content (not in percent) will have four significant digits regardless of what the value of the water content is (below 100 %); that is, 1 plus 0.1/100 = 1.001, a value with four significant digits. While, if three significant digits are acceptable, then the water content can be recorded to the nearest 1 %.1.7This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1The water content of a soil is used throughout professional practice both in the laboratory and in the field. The use of Test MethodsD2216for water content determination can be time consuming and there are occasions when a more expedient method is desirable. Drying by direct heating is one such method. Results of this test method have been demonstrated to be of satisfactory accuracy for use in field control testing, such as in the determination of water content, and in the determination of in-place dry unit weight of soils.5.2The principal objection to the use of the direct heating for water content determination is the possibility of overheating the soil, thereby yielding a water content higher than would be determined by Test MethodsD2216. While not eliminating this possibility, the incremental drying procedure in this test method will reduce its effects. Some heat sources have settings or controls that can also be used to reduce overheating. Loose fitting covers or enclosures can also be used to reduce overheating while assisting in uniform heat distribution.5.3The behavior of a soil when subjected to direct heating is dependent on its mineralogical composition, and as a result, no one procedure is applicable for all types of soils or heat sources. The general procedure of this test method applies to all soils, but test details may need to be tailored to the soil being tested.5.4When this test method is to be used repeatedly on the same or similar soil from a given site, a correction factor can usually be determined by making several comparisons between the results of this test method and Test MethodsD2216. A correction factor is valid when the difference is consistent for several comparisons, and is reconfirmed on a regular specified basis.5.5This test method is not appropriate when precise results are required, or when minor variations in water content will affect the results of other test methods, such as borderline situations where small variations in the measured water content could affect acceptance or rejection.5.6This test method is not appropriate for specimens known to contain flammable organics or contaminants, and other test methods should be utilized in these situations.Note 1:The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facility used. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeD3740are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD3740does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; PracticeD3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.

摘要： 1.1This test method covers the guidelines, requirements and procedures for evaluating the ability of Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) to protect earthen channels from stormwater-induced erosion. Critical elements of this protection are the ability of the RECP to:1.1.1Neutralize and absorb the hydraulic force of stormwater, thereby reducing soil particle loosening through “scour” mechanisms;1.1.2Slow runoff and encourage sedimentation, thereby reducing soil particle transport downstream;1.1.3Absorb shear forces of overland flow;1.1.4Trap soil particles beneath; and1.1.5Promote the establishment of vegetation.1.2This test method utilizes full-scale testing procedures, rather than reduced-scale (bench-scale) simulation, and is patterned after conditions typically found on construction sites prior to and after revegetation work. Further, procedures for evaluation of baseline conditions are provided. Thus, test preparation, test execution, data collection, data analysis and reporting procedures herein are intended to be suitable for testing of bare soil, unvegetated RECP, vegetated soil and vegetated RECP conditions.1.3This test method provides a comparative evaluation of an unvegetated RECP to baseline bare soil conditions and a vegetated RECP to a baseline, vegetated condition under controlled and documented conditions.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Also, the user must comply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration) guidelines, while using the test method.1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1This test method evaluates RECPs and their means of installation to:5.1.1Reduce soil loss and sediment concentrations in stormwater runoff under conditions of varying channel conditions and soil type;5.1.2Function within a composite system acting as vegetative reinforcement; and5.1.3Improve water quality exiting the area disturbed by earthwork activity by minimizing mobilization of in-situ particles within the streambed.5.2This test method models and examines conditions typically found on construction sites involving earthwork activities, including: highways and roads; airports; residential, commercial and industrial developments; pipelines, mines, and landfills; golf courses; etc.5.3This test method is a performance test, but can be used for quality control to determine product conformance to project specifications. Caution is advised since information regarding laboratory specific precision is incomplete. For project specific conformance, unique project-specific conditions should be taken into consideration.

摘要： 1.1This practice covers procedures for using sonic drilling methods in the conducting of subsurface exploration for site characterization and in the installation of subsurface monitoring devices.1.2The use of the sonic drilling method for exploration and monitoring-device installation may often involve preliminary site research and safety planning, administration, and documentation.1.3Soil or Rock samples collected by sonic methods are classed as group A or group B in accordance with PracticesD4220/D4220M. Other sampling methods (GuideD6169/D6169M) may be used in conjunction with the sonic method to collect samples classed as group C and Group D. Other drilling methods are summarized in GuideD6286/D6286M.1.4Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than in-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this practice.1.5All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.6This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. It is a description of the present state-of-the-art practice of sonic drilling. It does not recommend this method as a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6.1This practice does not purport to comprehensively address all the methods and the issues associated with drilling practices. Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be most successful for their site investigation. Other methods may be available for drilling and sampling of soil, and qualified professionals should have the flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this practice. This practice is current at the time of issue, but new alternative methods may become available prior to revisions, therefore, users should consult manufacturers or sonic drilling services providers prior to specifying program requirements.1.7This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use and may involve use of hazardous materials, equipment, and operations. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.For good safety practice, consult applicable OSHA regulations and drilling safety guides.2,3,41.8This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1Sonic drilling is a rapid, primarily dry drilling method (see5.2), used both in geotechnical applications to avoid hydraulic fracturing, and in environmental site exploration. Geotechnical applications include exploration for tunnels, underground excavations, and installation of instrumentation or structural elements. Sonic drilling methods are used in rocky soils with large diameter casing to obtain continuous samples in materials that are difficult to sample using other methods. It is well suited for projects of a production-orientated nature with a drilling rate faster than most all other drilling methods (GuideD6286/D6286M). Sonic drilling is used for environmental explorations because sonic drilling offers the benefit of significantly reduced drill cuttings, a major cost element, and reduced drill fluid use and production. Sonic drilling offers rapid formation penetration thereby increasing production. It can reduce fieldwork time generating overall project cost reductions. The continuous core sample recovered provides a representative lithological column for review and analysis. Sonic drilling readily lends itself to environmental instrumentation installation and toin-situtesting. The advantage of a clean cased hole without the use of drilling fluids provides for increased efficiency in instrumentation installation. The ability to cause vibration to the casing string eliminates the complication of monitoring well backfill bridging common to other drilling methods and reduces the risk of casing lockup allowing for easy casing withdrawal during grouting. The clean borehole reduces well development time. Pumping tests can be performed as needed prior to well screen placement to allow for proper screen location. The sonic method is readily utilized in multiple cased well applications which are required to prevent aquifer cross contamination. The installation of inclinometers, vibrating wire piezometers, settlement gauges, and the like can be accomplished efficiently with the sonic method.5.2The cutting action, as the sonic drilling bit passes through the formation, may cause disturbance to the soil structure along the borehole wall. The vibratory action of directing the sample into the sample barrel and then vibrating it back out can cause distortion of the specimen. Core samples can be hydraulically extracted from the sample barrel to reduce distortion. The use of split barrels, with or without liners, may improve the sample condition but may not completely remove the vibratory effect. When penetrating rock formations, the vibration may create mechanical fractures that can affect structural analysis for permeability and thereby not reflect the truein-situcondition. Sonic drilling in rock will require the use of air or fluid to remove drill cuttings from the face of the bit, as they generally cannot be forced into the formation. Samples collected by the dry sonic coring method from dense, dry, consolidated or cemented formations may be subjected to drilling induced heat, which could be a concern if core sampling for volatile organic compounds using PracticeD6640. Heat is generated in these dry formations by the impact of the bit on the formation and the friction created when the core barrel is forced into the formation. The sampling barrel is advanced without drilling fluid whenever possible. Therefore, in very dense formations, drilling fluids may have to be used to remove drill cuttings from the bit face and to control drilling generated heat. In dry, dense formations precautions to control drilling generated heat may be necessary to avoid affecting contaminant presence. The effects of drilling generated heat can be mitigated by shortening sampling runs, changing vibration level and rotation speed, using cooled sampling barrels, collecting larger diameter samples to reduce effect on the interior of the sample, and using fluid coring methods or by using alternate sampling methods such as the standard penetration test type samplers at specific intervals. Heat generated while casing the borehole through dense formations after the core sample has been extracted can be alleviated by potable water injection and/or by using crowd-in casing bits that shear the formation with minimal resistance. Should borehole wall densification be a concern it can be alleviated by potable water injection, by borehole wall scraping with the casing bit, by using a crowd-in style bit, or by injecting natural clay breakdown compounds.5.3Other uses for the sonic drilling method include mineral investigations. Bulk samples can be collected continuously, quite rapidly, in known quantities to assess mineral content. Aggregate deposits can be accurately defined by using large diameter continuous core samplers that gather representative samples. A limited amount of rock can be effectively penetrated and crushability determined. In construction, projects include freeze tube installations for deep tunnel shafts, piezometers, small diameter piles, dewatering wells, foundation anchors with grouting, and foundation movement monitoring instrumentation. Sonic drills can be used to set potable water production wells. However, production may not equal more conventional potable well drilling techniques because of the need to transport drill cuttings to the surface in short increments. Sonic drill units presently in use are in various sizes and most are truck mounted. Sonic drills can be skid or all-terrain vehicle mounted to access difficult areas.5.4Sonic drills can be adapted to such other drill methods as conventional rotary (GuideD1583, GuideD5782), down hole air hammer work (GuideD5782), diamond bit rock coring; conventional and wireline (PracticeD2113), direct push probing (GuideD6001, GuideD6286/D6286M), thin wall tube sampling (PracticeD1587/D1587M), and standard penetration test split barrel sampling (PracticeD1586/D1586M). The sonic drilling equipment offers more adaptability than most existing drilling systems. However, it is important to keep in mind that the technique the machine is designed for is the one at which it will be the most efficient. Long term use of sonic drills for other drilling methods may not be cost effective.Note 1:The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeD3740are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD3740does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; PracticeD3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. PracticeD3740was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soils and rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, user of this practice should recognize that the framework of PracticeD3740is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.

摘要： This document specifies a method for the determination of the following elements in aqua regia, nitric acid or mixture of hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and tetrafluoroboric (HBF4)/hydrofluoric (HF) acid digests of soil, treated biowaste, waste, sludge and sediment:Aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), cerium (Ce), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gallium (Ga), gadolinium (Gd), germanium (Ge), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), holmium (Ho), indium (In), iridium (Ir), iron (Fe), lanthanum (La), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), lutetium (Lu) magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), phosphorus (P), platinum (Pt), potassium (K), praseodymium (Pr), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), sulfur (S), tantalum (Ta), tellurium (Te), terbium (Tb), thallium (Tl), thulium (Tm), thorium (Th), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), yttrium (Y), ytterbium (Yb), zinc (Zn) and zirconium (Zr).The method is also applicable to other extracts or digests originating from, for example, DTPA extraction, fusion methods or total digestion methods, provided the user has verified the applicability.The method has been validated for the elements given in Table？A.1 (sludge), Table？A.2 (compost) and Table？A.3 (soil). The method is applicable for other solid matrices and other elements as listed above, provided the user has verified the applicability.This method is also applicable for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in aqua regia and nitric acid digests and in eluates of construction products (EN 17200[22]).NOTE？Construction products include e.g. mineral-based products; bituminous products; metals; wood-based products; plastics and rubbers; sealants and adhesives; paints and coatings.

摘要： 本文件规定了四川省耕地质量监测涉及的术语和定义、监测点设置、监测点建设、田间试验记载、样品采集、样品制备与保存、样品检测、数据审核及监测报告等全程质量控制的基本要求和要点。本文件适用于四川省耕地质量监测

摘要： 本文件适用于天然草地的分类、调查、退化分级与评定，为制定退化草地生态修复提供依据