Improvements in and relating to stable emulsions of water with liquid or liquefiablesubstances which are immiscible with water, and to preparations comprising the same,and to methods of making the said emulsions and preparations, and to applications ofthe said emulsions and preparations, and to articles of manufacture, or structures, when comprising, or treated with, the said emulsions or preparations

摘要

Activated gelatinous alumina for use as an emulsifying agent is obtained by subjecting gelatinous alumina obtained for example by precipitation in known manner to the following treatment: (1) the precipitate and the associated solutions are boiled for a short time and the precipitate is then separated, mixed with water and allowed to ripen for two or three days or more. The mixture may be ripened as a paste or cream, preferably in the atmosphere and in sunlight, or it may be ripened under water, which may be replaced intermittently or continuously. The product may be evaporated, e.g. at about 50 DEG C., until its water content is from 15-97,5 per cent; (2) the gelatinous precipitate is rapidly matured by exposure to ultra-violet light or to direct sunlight; (3) the gelatinous precipitate is maintained in contact with boiling water for several hours. The activated product is preferably maintained in a moist condition during storage. It forms stable emulsions of liquids or readily-liquefiable organic substances of all kinds, particularly those of acid reaction, which form water-in-oil emulsions. The emulsions are obtained by agitation with the gelatinous activated alumina (in an amount of 0,5-2,5 per cent dry weight calculated on the weight of the liquid emulsified) which may or may not be diluted with water. A concentrated emulsion may first be made and then diluted. Mixtures of liquids may be emulsified together, or separately and then mixed, or one liquid may be emulsified and the others added, together with additional emulsifying agent if required. Protective colloids may be added. Examples describe emulsions for the following purposes: Cosmetic and toilet preparations, including vanishing, skin and like creams, tonics, lipstick and rouge salves, hair tonics and fixatives, deodorants, nail polishes and dentifrices. The emulsions may contain one or more of the following: benzoinated lard, almond oil, lanoline, wool fat, glycerine, liquid paraffin, petroleum jelly, mutton fat, paraffin wax, castor oil, olive oil, coconut oil, and salicylic acid. Fillers, e.g. talcum, kaolin, starch, gum tragacanth or additional activated alumina; colouring matter and perfumes, e.g. oil of lemon, oil of wintergreen, oil of peppermint, phenol, menthol and other materials, e.g. aluminium chloride, magnesium oxide, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate may also be present. Insecticide and like vermin-destroying compositions, disinfectants, preservatives and animal foods. The products may contain one or more of the following: paraffin oil, benzine, kerosene, nicotine oleate, copper oleate, arsenic oleate, mercury oleate, Bordeaux mixture, terebene, Friar's balsam, paraffin wax; carbon tetrachloride, cotton-seed oil, carbolic oil, oil of turpentine, camphor, olive oil, cresylic acid, naphthalene, linseed oil, phenol, fish oil, tar oil, olive oil and carbon bisulphide, to which may be added iodine, wormwood, tansy, aloes, oil of penny royal or oil of lavender. Emulsions for animal foods contain cod liver oil, fish oil, shark oil, with calcium chloride or milk. Medicines and other pharmaceutical preparations, for both internal and external use. They contain one or more of the following substances in the emulsified form: liquid paraffin, olive oil, castor oil, carbon tetrachloride, halibut oil, cod liver oil, menthol, camphor, eucalyptus oil, creosote, oil of turpentine, oil of wintergreen. Other agents such as lime water, extract of sarsaparilla may be added. Emulsions of wood and coal distillates, oleates, chloroform, esters and natural or synthetic resins are also referred to. Foods, flavourings, sweetmeats and cooking media. (1) Pastry is made by mixing flour and salt with butter or margarine previously emulsified with aqueous activated gelatinous alumina. (2) Mayonnaise dressing is made by adding salt and other condiments to beaten egg yolk, then sweetened condensed milk and finally olive oil emulsified with aqueous activated gelatinous alumina. After stirring, vinegar is added. (3) Toffee is made by emulsifying margarine as above, adding golden syrup and melted brown sugar. The mass is then lightly stirred and poured out. (4) Artificial cream is obtained by homogenizing melted butter and water, using activated alumina as an emulsifying agent. (5) A beverage is obtained by adding emulsified olive oil to lemon syrup. Water - paints, distempers, enamels and varnishes consist of emulsions of one or more of the following: linseed oil, cotton-seed oil, rapeseed oil or other drying or semi-drying oil, synthetic resin, ester gum, asphalt or bitumen with or without pigments as zinc oxide or driers as cobalt or lead resinates. The product may be thinned or modified by the addition of ethers, esters, alcohols, additional oil or water. Oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions may be obtained. Proofing impregnating and surfacing preparations for treating materials, such as paper, timber or textile fabrics, and surfaces, such as roads or roofs. These compositions comprise emulsions of one or more oils, tars, pitches, creosotes, asphalts, bitumens, fats or waxes. Slag or seaweed may be incorporated in the products. Lubricants comprise emulsions of mineral, animal, vegetable or synthetic oils and/or fats, such as petroleum oil using activated gelatinous alumina as emulsifying agent. Other emulsifiers may be added if desired. Polishes and cleaning preparations refer to emulsions of oils, fats, waxes or resins such as paraffin oil, kerosene, camphor oil, linseed oil, turpentine, paraffin wax, coconut oil and montan wax. Other materials such as diatomaceous or similar earths, rottenstone, chalks, ethers, esters, alcohols as butyl alcohol, acids, alkalis, chlorinated compounds, e.g. carbon tetrachloride, silica or hexahydronaphthalene may be added. Soap manufacture. The initial materials such as oils, fats, oleic acid or resins are emulsified with aqueous activated gelatinous alumina prior to saponification in the usual way. The production of soaps from coconut oil and olive oil is described. Waste oil or waste oil-containing water such as bilge water is treated to render it less obnoxious or to clean out oil containers by emulsifying it with the emulsifying agent described. Fuel compositions comprise solid fuel, preferably pulverized, e.g. coal dust, sawdust, powdered peat, charcoal and an emulsion of petrols, oils, fats, waxes. The products may be in the form of briquettes or may be in fluid form, in which they may be used to impregnate other solid fuels, e.g. peat blocks. Non-emulsified oils, fats, &c. may be added, and the solid fuel may be substantially colloidal in size. Rubber emulsions are obtained by dissolving rubber in a solvent, e.g. naphtha or hexahydronaphthalene and then emulsifying with water, preferably in a suitable machine. Oils, fats, waxes, tars, asphalts or bitumens may be added. An emulsion containing crzepe rubber, naphtha and linseed oil is referred to. Cementitious compositions for constructional work, coating iron or steel or for wall dressings comprise a mixture of Portland cement or lime with one or more emulsified oils, fats, waxes, asphalts, bitumens, tars, creosote or natural or synthetic resins. Solids such as ground rubble, sand or other aggregate, asbestos or wood flour may be added. Linseed oil is referred to as a suitable oil. The products may be diluted for trowelling, spraying or brushing. Cellulose compositions. Plasticizers for such compositions comprise aqueous emulsions of oils or fats, such as castor oil or linseed oil, to which may be added small quantities of ethers, esters, ketones or alcohols, preferably having an evaporative rate above that of water and being solvents of cellulose materials. The plasticizers may be added to cellulose emulsions made with activated gelatinous alumina, and may be added to the cellulose mass at any stage in its manufacture, e.g. it may be passed through or soaked in a bath containing an emulsion of plasticizer.ALSO:Activated gelatinous alumina for use as an emulsifying agent is obtained by subjecting gelatinous alumina obtained for example by precipitation in known manner to the following treatment: (1) the precipitate and the associated solutions are boiled for a short time and the precipitate is then separated, mixed with water and allowed to ripen for two or three days or more. The mixture may be ripened as a paste or cream, preferably in the atmosphere and in sunlight, or it may be ripened under water, which may be replaced intermittently or continuously. The product may be evaporated, e.g. at about 50 DEG C., until its water content is from 15-97,5 per cent; (2) the gelatinous precipitate is rapidly matured by exposure to ultra-violet light or to direct sunlight; (3) the gelatinous precipitate is maintained in contact with boiling water for several hours. The activated product is preferably maintained in a moist condition during storage. It forms stable emulsions of liquids or readily-liquefiable organic substances of all kinds, particularly those of acid reaction, which form water-in-oil emulsions. The emulsions are obtained by agitation with the gelatinous activated alumina (in an amount of 0,5-2,5 per cent dry weight calculated on the weight of the liquid emulsified) which may or may not be diluted with water. A concentrated emulsion may first be made and then diluted. Mixtures of liquids may be emulsified together, or separately and then mixed, or one liquid may be emulsified and the others added, together with additional emulsifying agent if required. Protective colloids may be added. Examples describe emulsions for the following purposes. Water - paints, distempers, enamels and varnishes consist of emulsions of one or more of the following: linseed oil, cotton-seed oil, rape-seed oil or other drying or semi-drying oil, synthetic resin, ester gum,