A speech codec operating at low data rates uses an iterative method to jointly optimize pitch and gain parameter sets. A 26-bit spectrum filter coding scheme may be used, involving successive subtractions and quantizations. The codec may preferably use a decomposed multipulse excitation model, wherein the multipulse vectors used as the excitation signal are decomposed into position and amplitude codewords. Multipulse vectors are coded by comparing each vector to a reference multipulse vector and quantizing the resulting difference vector. An expanded multipulse excitation codebook and associated fast search method, optionally with a dynamically-weighted distortion measure, allow selection of the best excitation vector without memory or computational overload. In a dynamic bit allocation technique, the number of bits allocated to the pitch and excitation signals depend on whether the signals are "significant" or "insignificant". Silence/speech detection is based on an average signal energy over an interval and a minimum average energy over a predetermined number of intervals. Adaptive post-filter and the automatic gain control schemes are also provided. Interpolation is used for spectrum filter smoothing, and an algorithm is provided for ensuring stability of the spectrum filter. Specially designed scalar quantizers are provided for the pitch gain and excitation gain.
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