Among other things, a combination comprises interaction with a system that has a perturbation. In such perturbed system, a non-directional input is applied to a first variable of the system. Based on an asymmetry of the perturbed system, a directional effect is achieved in a second variable of the system, the first and second variables comprising a conjugate pair of variables. At least one of the following pertains: the interaction occurs other than by an apparatus and other than in a way that actually achieves the directional effect, or the conjugate pair is other than position and momentum, or the input or the asymmetry are in a dimension other than spatial coordinates, or the directional effect is other than translational motion and other than rotary motion.
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