Disclosed are a method and device for controlling the operating temperature of an optical assembly an optical assembly and an optical network system. The method comprises: acquiring an external ambient temperature of an optical assembly; setting a target control temperature of a temperature controller according to the external ambient temperature the target control temperature being a function value of the external ambient temperature and the target control temperature being within a range from a lower limit of the operating temperature of a laser to an upper limit of the operating temperature of the laser; and according to the target control temperature controlling the operating temperature of the optical assembly by means of heating or refrigeration by the temperature controller. By means of the method and device for controlling the operating temperature of an optical assembly the optical assembly and the optical network system the target control temperature of the temperature controller can be adjusted in real time by acquiring the external ambient temperature of the optical assembly and setting the target control temperature of the temperature controller according to the external ambient temperature thereby reducing a control current of the temperature controller and thus the power consumption of the temperature controller can be reduced.
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