Water Resource Environment and Social Change in the Upper Hanshui River Region during the Qing Period

摘要

【中文摘要】本文选取清代汉水上游的汉中府辖区,以堰渠水利为切入点并将其置于当地自然、社会长期演变的大背景中去考察,探讨国家权力与地域社会之间的整合关系,揭示基层社会的演变趋势及其生态环境背景与财政经济根源。文章认为:清代中后期,汉中水资源环境明显恶化是多种因素共同作用的后果,与当地的地质地貌特征、气候变迁存在密切关系,而移民开发则诱发、加剧了这一恶化步伐。清代以来,当地民办水利勃兴,官办水利日益具有民间化趋势,这与自然环境演变、赋役财政改革、水利组织管理的变化是相辅相成的。这些相互关联的多重变动,反映了社会控制权的下移、官府对水利社会的控制更为间接。【英文摘要】This essay explores the integral relationship between state and local society and delineates the evolution of local society, the ecological-environmental and financial and economic basis of irrigations systems, through a case study of weir-ditch irrigation in Hanzhong Prefecture in the Upper Hanshui River region during the Qing period. Weir-ditch irrigation in Hanzhong Prefecture is also examined against the background of long-term local physical and social changes. The author argues that the obvious erosion of the water resource environment in Hanzhong during the mid - and late Qing period was the result of the interaction of multiple factors1 It was closely related not only to immigrants’opening up of the region , which hastened the speed of erosion , but also to the region’s geological and geomorphic features as well as climate changes1 The Qing period saw the steady increase of irrigation works constructed by local communities along with a tendency for local managers to assume control of irrigation works previously administered by the government1 These trendscoincided with alterations in the physical environment , fiscal and financial reforms , and changes in the management of irrigation organizations , which demonstrated a downward shift social control and the government’s increasingly indirectcontrol of irrigation systems and local society.