This research introduces the concept of a bus hold light system that is based on headways of arriving trains in an effort to improve rail-to-bus transfer connectivity through a simple-to-implement, low-cost dispatching strategy. An analytical model and a simulation model are developed to analyze the impacts of the proposed headway-based hold light system on total passenger wait time and other relevant measures of transfer performance. The application of the two models to the cases of Alewife and Wellington Stations in the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) system and to 79 Street Station in the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) system shows that the headway-based hold light system can produce substantial passenger wait time savings if implemented in an appropriate setting. Throughout these analyses, the sensitivity of the headway-based hold light system to various factors is analyzed, and the results obtained with the headway-based hold light system are compared with those obtained from the application of other bus dispatching strategies, most notably the strategy of holding each departing bus for passengers transferring from the next train arrival.
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