Філософсько-естетичні аспекти виникнення теорії гештальтів (Philosophical and aesthetical aspects of gestalt theory origination)

摘要

Статтю присвячено основним філософсько-естетичним аспектам та передумовам виникненняudтеорії гештальтів. Саме завдяки гештальт-естетиці та науковим пошукам її представників отрималиudпоясненняudтакіudважливіudпсихологічніudпроцесиudуudсвідомостіudлюдини,udякudфеноменudтворчогоudмисленняududтаudестетичнеudсприйняття (The article deals with main philosophical and aesthetical aspects and preconditions of Gestalt theory origination.udOwing to gestalt aesthetics and scientific searches of its representatives such important psychological processes withinudhuman consciousness as phenomenon of creative thinking and aesthetic perception got their explanation.udThe authors proved that indicating the most important aspects of aesthetic perception process, its elements andudcomponents that actually constitute its essence will be appropriate if looked upon from scientific and methodologicaludpoints of view when taking this process into consideration. Such approach will be more effective to reveal mechanismsudof aesthetic perception and disclose its structure. Gestalt theory which was put forth in the first half of the XXthudcentury, and was based upon main categories proposed by E. Husserl’s phenomenological doctrine contributed toudthe development of such tendency of perception process study. Summing up the analysis of these theories formationudpreconditions, it should be mentioned that the problem of art perception and explanation of its mechanisms had becomeudespecially pressing in the scientific life of the then society. udThe article reveals the fact that a lot of new ways of development of aesthetic concepts were proposed in that veryudtime. It was also the beginning of their close cooperation with applied sciences. Thus, experimental aesthetics proposedudby H. Fechner, got its development in the studies of V. Wundt and H. Spencer, T. Lipps and J. Volkelt. Psychologicaludaesthetics that attempted to give true scientific explanation to the mechanisms of artistic endeavor and perception,udreplaced the objective and idealistic theories of philosophy. udFollowing this research, it can be summarized that despite all their shortcomings and weak points, the conceptsudthat appeared during this period of time have directed the development of aesthetics into really innovative and originaluddirection. The personalities of this period made an attempt to unite the things that had been united never before, i.e.udscientific accuracy and artistic outlook. The results obtained due to their bold ideas and empirical studies have becomeudthe basis for scientific trends of the XXth as well as XXIst centuries)