The present paper scrutinizes the logical foundation of Marx’s dialectic analysisof the evolving money economy. The minimalistic frame of reference isthereby given with the set of structural axioms. It turns out, first, that the commonplace notion of exploitation has to be replaced by crossover exploitationamong capitalists and workers; second, that the concept of surplus value cannotexplain the existence and magnitude of overall profits; finally, that the realshares of output are determined in the spheres of income and expenditure andnot, as classical, Marxian and neoclassical economists unanimously maintain,in the sphere of production.
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