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Global multiple-frequency seismic tomography using teleseismic and core-diffracted body waves

机译:使用远震和核心衍射体波的全球多频地震层析成像

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摘要

Seismic tomography is the pre-eminent tool for imaging the Earth's interior. Since the advent of this method in the 1980's, the internal structure of Earth has been vastly sampled and imaged at a variety of scales, and the resulting models have served as the primary means to investigate the processes driving our planet. Significant recent advances in seismic data acquisition and computing power have drastically progressed tomographic methods. Broad-band seismic waveforms can now be simulated up to the highest naturally occurring frequencies and consequently, measurement techniques can exploit seismic waves in their entire usable spectrum and in multiple frequencies.ududThis dissertation revolves around aspects of global multiple-frequency seismic tomography, from retrieving and processing of large seismological data sets to explore the multi-scale structure of the earth. The centrepiece of this work is an efficient processing strategy to assemble the largest possible data sets for waveform-based tomographic inversions. Motivated by the complex but loosely-constrained structure of the lowermost mantle, we aim to increase the spatial resolution and coverage of the mantle in all depths by extracting a maximum of information from observed seismograms.ududWe first present a method that routinely measures finite-frequency traveltimes of Pdiff waves by cross-correlating observed waveforms with synthetic seismograms across the broad-band frequency range. Large volumes of waveform data of ~ 2000 earthquakes are retrieved and pre-processed using fully automatic software built for this purpose. Synthetic seismograms for these earthquakes are calculated by semi-analytical wave propagation through a spherically symmetric earth model, to 1 Hz dominant frequency. This way, we construct one of the largest core-diffracted P wave traveltime collections so far with a total of 479,559 traveltimes in frequency passbands ranging from 30.0 to 2.7 s dominant period. Projected onto their core-grazing ray segments, the Pdiff observations recover major structural, lower-mantle heterogeneities known from existing global mantle models. ududAn inversion framework with adaptive parameterisation and locally-adjusted regularisation is developed to accurately map the information of this data set onto the desired model parameters. This broad-band waveform inversion seamlessly incorporates the Pdiff measurements alongside a very large data set of conventional teleseismic P and PP measurements. We obtain structural heterogeneities of considerable detail in all mantle depths. The mapped features confirm several previously imaged structures. At the same time, sharper outlines for several subduction systems (e.g., Tethyan, Aegean and Farallon slabs) and uprising mantle plumes (e.g., Iceland, Afar and Tristan da Cunha) appear in our model. We trace some of these features throughout the mantle to investigate their morphological characteristics in a large (whole-mantle) context. Moreover, we report the structural findings revealed by our model. This ranges from geometries of slab complexes and subdivisions of Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces at the root of the mantle to tomographic evidence to support the existence of deep-mantle plumes beneath Iceland and Tristan da Cunha.
机译:地震层析成像是对地球内部进行成像的杰出工具。自1980年代开始采用这种方法以来,已经对地球的内部结构进行了各种比例的采样和成像,所得模型已成为研究驱动地球的过程的主要手段。地震数据采集和计算能力方面的最新重大进展已极大地促进了层析成像方法的发展。现在可以模拟高达自然发生频率最高的宽带地震波形,因此,测量技术可以利用其整个可用频谱和多个频率中的地震波。 ud ud ,从大型地震数据集的检索和处理到探索地球的多尺度结构。这项工作的核心是有效的处理策略,以组装最大可能的数据集以进行基于波形的层析成像反演。受最低地幔复杂但受限制的结构的影响,我们旨在通过从观测到的地震图中提取最大的信息来提高地幔在所有深度的空间分辨率和覆盖率。 ud ud我们首先提出了一种常规测量方法通过在宽频带范围内将观测到的波形与合成地震图进行互相关,可以得到Pdiff波的有限频率传播时间。使用为此目的而构建的全自动软件,可以检索和预处理大约2000场地震的大量波形数据。这些地震的合成地震图是通过半解析波通过球对称地球模型传播到1 Hz主频来计算的。这样,我们构建了迄今为止最大的核心衍射P波传播时间集合之一,在30.0到2.7 s主导周期的频率通带中总共传播了479,559次传播时间。将Pdiff观测投影到其核心掠食射线段上,可恢复现有全球地幔模型中已知的主要结构性,下地幔非均质性。 ud ud开发了具有自适应参数化和局部调整正则化的反演框架,可以将该数据集的信息准确地映射到所需的模型参数上。这种宽带波形反演将Pdiff测量与传统远震P和PP测量的非常大的数据集无缝地结合在一起。我们在所有地幔深度获得了相当详细的结构异质性。映射的特征确认了几个先前成像的结构。同时,模型中出现了几种俯冲系统(例如,特提斯,爱琴海和法拉隆板块)和起伏地幔柱(例如,冰岛,阿法尔和特里斯坦·达库纳)的清晰轮廓。我们在整个地幔中追踪其中一些特征,以研究它们在大(整个地幔)环境中的形态特征。此外,我们报告了模型揭示的结构发现。范围从平板复合体的几何形状到地幔根部的大型低剪切速度省的细分,到断层成像证据都支持冰岛和特里斯坦·达库尼亚下方的深地幔柱。

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    Hosseini Kasra;

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  • 年度 2016
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