Heads, you die: bad decisions, choice architecture, and how to mitigate predictable irrationality

摘要

Modern societies are organised around the assumption that people are perfectly rational - an assumption out of touch with the latest evidence from brain research. It is also out of touch with common sense. This paper argues that policymakers should design choice contexts for social outcomes – an approach called ‘choice architecture’.While sometimes calculating and rational, people are also irrational in predictable ways. We are influenced by framing and social contexts. We are motivated by factors other than price: social norms, habits, morality, formal and informal authority, non-monetary incentives, community expectations, and the way choices are presented.Two themes run throughout this paper. Firstly, that choice architecture offers a range of tools to solve problems and save resources, without resorting to either mandates or laissez-faire approaches. Secondly, that there is a progressive rationale for designing choice contexts, to improve patterns of choice in relation to social outcomes and individual lives.Choice architecture employs five tools to design the contexts in which people make choices:1. Setting the default option in a set of choices2. Offering ‘self-contracting’ to support commitment3. Presenting and organising information4. Designing physical spaces to guide behaviour5. Supporting the development of social normsThe applications of choice architecture are immediate. Rebuilding a resilient economy will require behaviourally-informed regulation, and improving health and sustainability outcomes will require policies informed by realistic human decision-making. Its applications are also long term. Policies based on a real account of human decision-making will enable communities, organisations, and government to improve social outcomes. By focusing on how physical and social environments shape choice patterns, and how choices are framed, we can put markets to the service of a better society.