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A unified framework for the orbital structure of bars and triaxial ellipsoids

机译:棒和三轴椭圆轨道结构的统一框架

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摘要

We examine a large random sample of orbits in two self-consistent simulations of N-body bars. Orbits in these bars are classified both visually and with a new automated orbit classification method based on frequency analysis. The well-known prograde x1 orbit family originates from the same parent orbit as the box orbits in stationary and rotating triaxial ellipsoids. However, only a small fraction of bar orbits (~4%) have predominately prograde motion like their periodic parent orbit. Most bar orbits arising from the x1 orbit have little net angular momentum in the bar frame, making them equivalent to box orbits in rotating triaxial potentials. In these simulations a small fraction of bar orbits (~7%) are long-axis tubes that behave exactly like those in triaxial ellipsoids: they are tipped about the intermediate axis owing to the Coriolis force, with the sense of tipping determined by the sign of their angular momentum about the long axis. No orbits parented by prograde periodic x2 orbits are found in the pure bar model, but a tiny population (~2%) of short-axis tube orbits parented by retrograde x4 orbits are found. When a central point mass representing a supermassive black hole (SMBH) is grown adiabatically at the center of the bar, those orbits that lie in the immediate vicinity of the SMBH are transformed into precessing Keplerian orbits that belong to the same major families (short-axis tubes, long-axis tubes and boxes) occupying the bar at larger radii. During the growth of an SMBH, the inflow of mass and outward transport of angular momentum transform some x1 and long-axis tube orbits into prograde short-axis tubes. This study has important implications for future attempts to constrain the masses of SMBHs in barred galaxies using orbit-based methods like the Schwarzschild orbit superposition scheme and for understanding the observed features in barred galaxies.
机译:我们在N体杆的两个自洽模拟中检查了一个大的随机轨道样本。这些条中的轨道既可以通过视觉进行分类,也可以使用基于频率分析的新的自动轨道分类方法进行分类。众所周知的prox x1轨道族起源于与固定和旋转三轴椭球体中的盒形轨道相同的父轨道。但是,只有小部分的棒状轨道(〜4%)像它们的周期性母轨道一样具有前进运动。由x1轨道产生的大多数轨道,在框架中几乎没有净角动量,使其等效于旋转三轴势的箱形轨道。在这些模拟中,一小部分棒形轨道(约7%)是长轴管,其行为与三轴椭球体的行为完全相同:由于科里奥利力,它们绕中间轴倾斜,倾角由符号确定绕长轴的角动量。在纯棒模型中,没有发现由周期性的周期性x2轨道作为母体的轨道,但是却发现了由反向的x4轨道作为母体的短轴管轨道的极小部分(〜2%)。当代表超大质量黑洞(SMBH)的中心点质量在条形中心绝热地生长时,位于SMBH紧邻处的那些轨道将转换为属于相同主要族群的进动开普勒轨道(短波轨道)。轴管,长轴管和盒子)以较大的半径占据钢筋。在SMBH的生长过程中,质量的流入和角动量的向外传输将一些x1和长轴管轨道转换为前进的短轴管。这项研究对于未来尝试使用Schwarzschild轨道叠加方案等基于轨道的方法来约束禁忌星系中SMBH的质量以及理解禁忌星系中的观测特征具有重要意义。

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