Running is a pervasive activity across human cultures and a cornerstone of contemporary health, fitness and sporting activities. Yet for the overwhelming predominance of human existence running was an essential prerequisite for survival. A means to hunt, and a means to escape when hunted. In a very real sense humans have evolved to run. Yet curiously, perhaps due to running’s cultural ubiquity and the natural ease with which we learn to run, we rarely consider the uniqueness of human bipedal running within the animal kingdom. Our unique upright, single stance, bouncing running gait imposes a unique set of coordinative difficulties. Challenges demanding we precariously balance our fragile brains in the very position where they are most vulnerable to falling injury while simultaneously retaining stability, steering direction of travel, and powering the upcoming stride: all within the abbreviated time-frames afforded by short, violent ground contacts separated by long flight times. ududThese running coordination challenges are solved through the tightly-integrated blending of primitive evolutionary legacies, conserved from reptilian and vertebrate lineages, and comparatively modern, more exclusively human, innovations. The integrated unification of these top-down and bottom-up control processes bestows humans with an agile control system, enabling us to readily modulate speeds, change direction, negotiate varied terrains and to instantaneously adapt to changing surface conditions. ududThe seamless integration of these evolutionary processes is facilitated by pervasive, neural and biological, activity-dependent adaptive plasticity. Over time, and with progressive exposure, this adaptive plasticity shapes neural and biological structures to best cope with regularly imposed movement challenges. This pervasive plasticity enables the gradual construction of a robust system of distributed coordinated control, comprised of processes that are so deeply collectively entwined that describing their functionality in isolation obscures their true irrevocably entangled nature. udAlthough other species rely on a similar set of coordinated processes to run, the bouncing bipedal nature of human running presents a specific set of coordination challenges, solved using a customized blend of evolved solutions. ududA deeper appreciation of the foundations of the running coordination phenomenon promotes conceptual clarity, potentially informing future advances in running training and running-injury rehabilitation interventions.
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机译：跑步是人类文化中无处不在的活动，是当代健康，健身和体育活动的基石。然而，对于人类生存的压倒性优势，奔跑是生存的必要先决条件。一种狩猎手段，一种在被狩猎时逃脱的手段。在非常真实的意义上，人类已经进化为能够奔跑。但是奇怪的是，也许由于奔跑的文化普遍性以及我们学会奔跑的自然习惯，我们很少考虑动物界中人类双足动物奔跑的独特性。我们独特的直立，单一姿态，跳动的步态会带来一系列独特的协调困难。挑战要求我们在脆弱的大脑最容易遭受跌倒伤害的位置不稳定地平衡大脑，同时保持稳定性，转向的方向并为即将来临的步伐提供动力：所有这些都在短暂，剧烈的地面接触所提供的简短时间内被长途飞行时间隔开。这些持续的协调挑战是通过将原始进化遗产，爬虫类和脊椎动物世系保存下来的以及相对较现代的，更人性化的创新紧密结合在一起来解决的。这些自上而下和自下而上的控制过程的整合统一赋予了人类敏捷的控制系统，使我们能够轻松调节速度，改变方向，协商变化的地形并即时适应变化的地面条件。普遍，神经和生物学，与活动有关的适应性可塑性促进了这些进化过程的无缝整合。随着时间的推移，随着逐渐暴露，这种可适应性可塑可塑造神经和生物结构，从而最好地应对规律性施加的运动挑战。这种无处不在的可塑性使渐进地构建一个强大的分布式协调控制系统成为可能，这些系统如此紧密地纠缠在一起，以至于孤立地描述其功能，就掩盖了其真正不可挽回的纠缠性质。 ud尽管其他物种依靠一组类似的协调过程来运行，但人类奔跑的双足双足本性却提出了一组特定的协调挑战，这些挑战可以通过使用定制的进化解决方案混合物来解决。 ud ud对跑步协调现象现象基础的更深入了解可以提高概念的清晰度，从而可能为跑步训练和跑步损伤康复干预措施的未来发展提供信息。
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