As uncertainty in markets and technology intensifies, organizations are adopting modularity-based manufacturing practices to achieve mass customization and cope with demands for increasingly customized products. Modularity-standardization and substitution principle to product and process design to create modular components and processes that can be configured into a wide range of end products to meet specific customer needs. This study defines customer closeness and modularity-based manufacturing develops instruments to measure these factors, builds a framework that relates customer closeness, modularity-based manufacturing practices, and mass customization, and tests structural relationships in this framework using LISREL.
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