Ship emissions measurement in the Arctic by plume intercepts of the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Amundsen from the Polar 6 aircraft platform

摘要

Decreasing sea ice and increasing marine navigability in northern latitudes have changed Arctic ship trafficudpatterns in recent years and are predicted to increase annual ship traffic in the Arctic in the future. Development of effective regulations to manage environmental impacts of shipping requires an understanding of ship emissions and atmospheric processing in the Arctic environment. As part of the summer 2014 NETCARE (Network on Climate and Aerosols) campaign, the plume dispersion and gas and particle emission factors of effluents originating from the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Amundsen operating near Resolute Bay, NU, Canada, were investigated. The Amundsen burned distillate fuel with 1.5 wt% sulfur. Emissions wereudstudied via plume intercepts using the Polar 6 aircraft measurements, an analytical plume dispersion model, and using the FLEXPART-WRF Lagrangian particle dispersion model. The first plume intercept by the research aircraft was carried out on 19 July 2014 during the operation of the Amundsen in the open water. The second and third plume intercepts were carried out on 20 and 21 July 2014 when the Amundsen had reached the ice edge and operated under ice-breaking conditions. Typical of Arctic marine navigation, the engine loadudwas low compared to cruising conditions for all of the plume intercepts. The measured species included mixing ratios of CO2, NOx, CO, SO2, particle number concentration (CN), refractory black carbon (rBC), and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The results were compared to similar experimental studies in mid-latitudes.udPlume expansion rates were calculated using the analytical model and found to be D0.75+0.81, 0.93+0.37,udand 1.19+0.39 for plumes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. These rates were smaller than prior studies conducted atudmid-latitudes, likely due to polar boundary layer dynamics, including reduced turbulent mixing compared to mid- latitudes. All emission factors were in agreement with prior observations at low engine loads in mid-latitudes. Ice-breaking increased the NOx emission factor from EFNOx 43.1+15.2 to 71.6+9.68 and 71.4+4.14 g kg-diesel-1 for plumes 1, 2, and 3, likely due to changes in combustion temperatures. The CO emission factorudwas EFCO 137+120, 12.5+3.70 and 8.13+1.34 g kg-diesel-1 for plumes 1, 2, and 3. The rBC emission factorudwas EFrBC D0.202+0.052 and 0.202+0.125 g kg-diesel-1 for plumes 1 and 2. The CN emission factor was reducedudwhile ice-breaking from EFCN 2.41+0.47 to 0.45+0.082 and 0.507+0.037+1016 kg-diesel+1 for plumes 1, 2, andud3. At 0.6% supersaturation, the CCN emission factor was comparable to observations in mid-latitudes at low engine loads with EFCCN D3.03+0.933, 1.39+0.319, and 0.650+0.136+1014 kg-diesel-1 for plumes 1, 2, and 3.ud