De l'avènement du Monde à celui de la planète : le basculement de la société du risque à la société de l'incertitude.Mémoire d'habilitation à diriger les recherches, volume inédit

摘要

In a context of environmental global threats, modern societies realize that the planet exists as a "natural" and finite physical body. This new representation is part of globalization defined as “the advent of the World”. The cases of natural and environnemental hazards justify a distinction between world, global and planetary. In particular, the word "global" may take many meanings that vary between two extremes: global as a scale and global as systemic. Systemic-global describes the World's complexity and may be read through its spatiality and the notion of interspatiality. Complexity also produces uncertainty. Drawing on ideas from Michel Foucault, we show that risk may be viewed as an apparatus, fundamental in modern governmentality, that allows to deal with uncertainty. The dominant paradigm is intrinsically unable to cope with radical uncertainty because uncertainty escapes préceisely the modern risk analysis. However, the uncertainty reinforces governmentality in its biopolitical dimension. To illustrate this paradox, we look at the coupled concepts of resilience and adaptation. These concepts, borrowed from ecology, can be used in a neo-liberal framework as normative and moral injunctions to serve the reactionary goal of reinforcing the biopolitical government of vulnerable people. Similarly the planet can be used to justify a renaturalization of social intercourse in a global World, in the name of a politically constructed uncertainty. It paves the way for depolitization view as contraction of democracy, or even the birth of a post-political society.