Contamination atmosphérique par les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques : toxicité et devenir du phénanthrène dans des systèmes sol-plante-microorganismes

摘要

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic. Transfer from the atmosphere to ecosystems, especially to plants, conditioning their entry into food chains, but the terms of this transfer are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the transfer and identify the biological effects of atmospheric PAHs on soil-plant-symbiotic microorganisms.An experimental device was designed to recreate in the laboratory air pollution with phenanthrene (PHE) as a model PAH. The device was been validated and a calibration developed in an original way by a dual approach combining the experimental mathematical simulation. The levels of exposure to pollutant (150 mg m־³), controlled by passive samplers, were relevant with field conditions. This device has been used to expose a month of the soil-plant micro-organisms in the PHE through the air.Various studies have demonstrated a transfer of PHE from the atmosphere to all compartments of the microsystem, with a major accumulation to leaves in clover or ryegrass (respectively 170 and 70 µg g ־¹ dry weight) and a phloemic transfer to the roots is suggested. In clover, mycorrhization was not affected, while the number of active nodules decreased significantly. Unlike roots, aboveground biomass of clover was significantly affected (approximately – 25%) by exposure to air PHE, suggesting an impact on the carbon metabolism of the plant. A labelling experiment with ¹³C- CO2 in clover has actually shown a negative impact of PHE air on growth, biomass and carbon allocation.In conclusion, these studies have not only characterized the biological and physiological effects of atmospheric PAHs on plants but also proposed the use of mycorrhizal potential as an indicator of air pollution by PAHs.