An evaluation of the opportunities and impediments in managing quota fisheries for biodiversity

摘要

Emerging political, ecological, and social priorities support inclusion of biodiversity conservation on national research and management agendas. Meeting biodiversity conservation objectives, however, will be difficult for fishery management systems that traditionally rely on the single-species, single-population "stock concept". My dissertation examines four scientific and institutional challenges to broadening the scope of fisheries management to include controlling fishery impacts on biodiversity. First, despite broad recognition of its importance in ecosystems, there is no single definition of biodiversity that can be used in tactical fisheries management. I recommend extending single-species approaches to include diversity within populations across space as a first step toward biodiversity-based management. Second, many existing data collection programs are not structured to account for spatial diversity within fish populations. I use the case of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, to illustrate how a monitoring program designed to estimate biomass of a spatially structured population generates management vulnerabilities and opens the system to disputes over biodiversity conservation.Third, many fisheries management systems knowingly ignore spatial diversity in fish populations. The management implications may include a loss of biodiversity and over-fishing of certain components of the population. I developed a closed-loop simulation model based on the dynamics of British Columbia herring populations and fisheries to evaluate the consequences of single-species management of spatially diverse fish populations. I demonstrate that the impact of this approach can not be inferred from the characteristics of the population or the scale of management. Depending on the nature of the population and the fishery, well mixed populations may be more vulnerable to overfishing than spatially discrete populations. Fourth, reduced availability of funding for fisheries science may stifle innovation and reinforce the use of single-species approaches. I document shifts in Canadian science policy that have shifted the funding of public science in favor of oceans and ecosystems, and have required the fishing industry to offset cuts to fisheries science budgets. This funding model may restrict the nature and scope of fisheries research in Canada.