Rare-earth doped up-converting phosphors for an enhanced silicon solar cell response

摘要

Photovoltaic solar cells can generate electricity directly from sunlight without emitting harmful greenhouse gases. This makes them ideal candidates as large scale future energy producers for the global energy economy. Ideally, solar cells should be efficient and inexpensive to compete in the global energy market. Unfortunately, a number of fundamental limitations exist for the efficiency due to fundamental loss mechanisms of the semiconductor materials used to make solar cells. One of the dominant loss mechanisms from a conventional silicon solar cell is the transparency of sub-bandgap near-infrared photons. Up-conversion is an optical process involving the sequential absorption of lower energy photons followed by luminescence of a higher energy photon. This mechanism could be exploited to minimise photovoltaic sub-bandgap losses.Rare-earth doped materials have ideal up-conversion luminescent properties and have been utilised for many near-infrared to visible applications. This thesis investigates the near-infrared to near-infrared up-conversion processes required for the sub-bandgap photon utilisation within a silicon photovoltaic device. Various sodium yttrium fluoride phosphors doped with rare-earths were characterised theoretically and experimentally. Erbium doped phosphors were found to be ideal for single wavelength power dependent investigations for the non-linear up-conversion processes.The radiative and non-radiative rates of various erbium doped sodium yttrium fluoride phosphors have been approximated and compared with experimental photoluminescence results. These phosphors have been applied to the rear of a bi-facial silicon solar cell and an enhancement in the near-infrared region has been demonstrated. An external quantum efficiency close to 3.4% was measured at 1523nm under 6mW laser excitation. The non-linear dependence on incident pump power has been investigated along with the dominant up-conversion mechanisms involved.It can be concluded that up-conversion phosphors can enhance the near-infrared spectral response of a silicon device. These phosphors have high luminescent efficiencies once up-conversion occurs, but suffer from poor infrared absorption and low up-conversion efficiencies. The results from this study show that relatively high doping levels of selected rare-earths into low phonon energy crystals can improve the absorption and luminescent properties of the phosphor.