This article identifies ‘the tragedy of the commons’ as an essentially aggregative harm and considers what agents in such a scenario owe to one another. It proposes that the duty to take reasonable precautions requires that agents make efforts to establish collective solutions to any essentially aggregative harm to which they would otherwise contribute.ududBaylor Johnson has argued that the general obligation to promote the common good requires that agents make efforts to establish a collective agreement to avert a potential tragedy of the commons. This article agrees with Johnson's analysis but argues that there are also negative duties, which give commons users additional moral reason to take collective action to prevent the destruction of the utility of the commons. These duties link commons users to resolving this particular problem and provide grounds to demand that they make greater efforts to prevent the destruction of the commons compared to bystanders.ududThe article suggests that fulfilling negative duties can require establishing collective institutions with the power to regulate human action and interaction. This analysis could be applied to a range of social problems which result from the aggregation of actions and practices.
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机译:本文将“公地悲剧”确定为一种本质上的综合危害,并考虑了在这种情况下哪些行为者应归于彼此。它建议采取合理预防措施的义务要求代理人努力建立集体解决方案,以解决他们可能会造成的任何实质性总体损害。 ud ud贝勒·约翰逊(Baylor Johnson)认为,促进共同利益的一般义务要求代理人做出努力建立集体协议,避免公地可能发生的悲剧。本文赞同约翰逊的分析,但认为也存在消极义务,这使公地使用者有了额外的道德理由采取集体行动,以防止公地效用的破坏。这些义务将公地使用者与解决这一特定问题联系起来,并有理由要求他们与旁观者相比,要加大努力以防止公地遭到破坏。 ud ud本文建议,履行消极责任可能需要建立具有权力的集体机构。规范人类的行为和互动。这种分析可以应用于一系列由于行动和实践的综合而引起的社会问题。
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