Les métamorphoses de l'organicisme en écologie : De la communauté végétale aux écosystèmes/The metamorphoses of organicism in ecology: From plant community to ecosystems

摘要

SUMMARY. — From 1905 to 1935, practitioners of pre-energetics ecology sought to clarify their field of study. One after another, basic units of ecology, such as plant formation, plant association, climax, biome, biotic community and the ecosystem, came to the fore and eclipsed other contenders. Between 1920 and 1930, the organicist philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead, along with the evolutionary perspective of Herbert Spencer and the emergentist theories of Samuel Alexander and Conwy L. Morgan laid a solid foundation for the epistemological debate over the basic units of ecology. Authors like Frederic E. Clements and John Phillips advanced a variety of forms of ecological organicism, while Henry A. Gleason viewed plant association as the result of a fortuitous juxtaposition of individual entities. Ultimately, and paradoxically, Arthur G. Tansley 's ecosystem, although originally part of the anti-organicist viewpoint, became the basic unit of research programmes that sought, or at least intended to develop, an emergentist perspective.