Irish people in England are identified by the English largely through the way they speak. This is homogenised by English hearers into the simplified description of an “Irish accent”, prioritising differences in pronunciation, although in reality the Irish use a variety of regionally-varied English dialects.3 Collapsing Irish dialects into a monolithic category is paralleled by stereotyping the speakers in long-established, negative ways. In fact these stereotypes rely heavily on language, includingudgrammar and vocabulary, presenting “substandard English” as evidence of “stupidity”.4 In contrast to the role of “visibility” in signalling the difference of non-white groups, which has no relationship to cultural content and can clearly be discredited as a signifier of inferiority on rational grounds, the “audibility” of the Irish appears to reinforce legitimate grounds for racialisation. Constructed markersudof difference are never fixed, of course, and at present sharply changing economic and politicaludcircumstances are altering ways in which younger and more prosperous Irish-accented populations inudEngland are perceived. However they remain deeply embedded in English culture, available to be drawn on in specific contexts.
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机译：英国人主要通过英语说话来识别英国的爱尔兰人。尽管实际上爱尔兰人使用了多种地区变体的英语方言，但英语听力者将其同化为“爱尔兰口音”的简化描述，优先考虑发音差异。3将爱尔兰方言折叠成一个整体类别，同时对爱尔兰方言进行定型化。长期存在的消极态度的演讲者。实际上，这些定型观念严重依赖于语言，包括 udgrammar和词汇，呈现出“不合标准的英语”作为“愚蠢”的证据。4与“可见性”在传达非白人群体的差异中所起的作用形成鲜明对比。与文化内容的关系，显然可以被认为是自卑的象征，爱尔兰人的“可听性”似乎加强了种族化的正当理由。当然，构造的 udof差异永远不会固定，目前急剧变化的经济和政治情况正在改变人们感知 u d英格兰的年轻和富裕的爱尔兰人口的方式。但是，它们仍然深深地植根于英国文化中，可以在特定环境中借鉴。
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