The research in conservation needs to bring together different and complementary expertises. An innovative method integrating lasers and nanogels is proposed for the conservation of easel paintings. This research takes advantage of the scientific approach of chemists and physicists who accepted to work in a collaborative way with art historians, curators and conservators. Such an innovation has paramount consequences in the traditional practice proper of the conservators and the profession may so be foreseen in a new perspective with industrial aspects. That's why the input of the Product Design and Innovation Laboratory (LCPI) of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Métiers (ENSAM) was decisive for achieving an integrated method to a profession which may be characterised by a long term tradition applying techniques derived from artistic practices. The dissertation is divided in five chapters which are characteristic of the problematic of the present research work. In a first step, a synthetic documentation is brought to light to emphasize the traditional practices of the painting conservators, how the French collections emerged after the Renaissance and how the French Cultural heritage was formed. The second chapter described the research problematic, after presenting the questions asked by the classical means to extract the lining adhesives. Lasers and nanogels are then hypothetically proposed to replace in due time the mechanical (scalpel) and chemical (conventional gels) methods. The third chapter is so devoted to the definition of the methodological model, to the proposition of an experimental program able to end the deadlock in the removal of ancient lining products. This program is based on the knowledge of the laser-matter interactions and of the effective action of chemical gels on the various adhesives considered. The fourth chapter presents the experimental results and the interpretation is validated by several methods as holographic interferometry. The fifth and last chapter is the synthesis of our research, describes the innovative methodology based on a scientific model in order to remove the adhesives of ancient linings before any conservation work. This research is achieved inside a "Profession" process which leads to a controlled and reproducible protocol integrating innovative methods. This methodology takes care of the sustainable development, of the environmental considerations and does not forget the experienced eyes of the practitioners.
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