NEW FACES IN THE WORLD'S 'OLDEST PROFESSION': THE EMERGENCE OF MALE HETEROSEXUAL PROSTITUTION; DELINQUENT SELF-CONCEPTIONS AND GENDER: FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF THE PERSONAL RELEVANCE OF INFRACTION; WOMEN AND WORK: A STUDY OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE, SELF-ESTEEM, AND SIGNIFICANT OTHERS (DEVIANCE).

摘要

I. Male heterosexual prostitution, women paying men for sexual services, is seldom mentioned in discussions of prostitution. While virtually ignored by social scientists, it has received attention in several recent magazine and newspaper articles. This paper reports the results of analyses of this literature. A typology of prostitute roles based on type of payment and organizational affiliation is presented and discussed. Control theory is used to explain the rise in female sexual deviance. II. This paper investigates the relevance of gender for labelling and its effect on adolescent delinquent self-conceptions in a sample of high school students. The sensitivity of females to the attitudes of others in their self-concept formation served as the basis for the formulation of several hypotheses regarding delinquent identity development and its consequences for male and female self-esteem. Boys were more likely than girls to have delinquent identities and to feel they were labelled as delinquent. The association between delinquent identities and labels varied by gender. Among those labelled as delinquent, girls are more likely than boys to have a delinquent identity. Both delinquent identities and labels have negative effects on self-esteem. Strain theory was used to explain the conditional effect of father's education. III. Large numbers of married women have entered the workforce during the past twenty years. This paper investigates effects of social position on choice of significant others in a sample of married couples. It is argued that working increases a person's social network of significant others, that not working results in a smaller network of significant others and greater dependence on them and the institutions with which they are associated. Female self-esteem is more dependent on marital quality. Spouse appreciation and marital quality are related to self-esteem, though the association varies by the self-esteem measure used. Marital quality and spouse appreciation are important for male and female self-esteem. These findings are consistent with previous research which shows that for both men and women similar social positions produce similarities in thought and behavior.