The Senegal delta is between the Sahel, Sahara and the Atlantic Ocean. Its position on the Senegal-Mauritania border, the amount of fresh water available throughout the year and the importance of its agricultural potential irrigable areas and have made this a vital wetland area (agriculture, livestock, tourism, fishing, etc.). However, if different from the colonization rural development programs have been implemented, it must be admitted that the failures were also numerous.The construction of dams on the upper valley Manatali (1987) and Diama in the Delta (1985) has opened new possibilities for agricultural development. The aim is, in particular, to irrigate 350,000 ha of land, causing massive arrivals populations and substantial private investment (rice, agribusiness), but from a profound effect on the traditional management of these living areas (eg land ownership.) and production (flood recession cultivation, pastoralism, freshwater fishing, etc.). specific part for each ethnic group. Anthropological structures and social representations are different depending on the people who inhabit the delta (Wolof, Fulani, Tukulor, Maure, etc..) Not only affect them specifically on land organization, local politics, but in addition they help define, by their number and their spatial distribution, a particularly complex area in its relations to space, its development, etc.. we analyzeThis thesis shows that the socio-anthropological and spatial dynamics are impacted by the integrated management of water that goes up through the State of Senegal and the institutions of governance at the watershed scale. In terms of space, agricultural activity is to the detriment of traditional spaces. On the socio-anthropological terms, people equate modern tech through the filter of local realities, which is the basis of a hybrid system which is the heart of the technological transition in the irrigation schemes.The land issue remains a key operation of all rice-growing land in 2025 (target set by the Master Plan for the Development and Water Management). Achieving this goal will go through a land reform taking into account the hybrid systems that develop in the Senegal River delta.
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