Governança, políticas públicas e participação social: a experiência de projetos urbanos no contexto da Copa FIFA Brasil 2014

摘要

This study seeks to reflect on governance, public policy and social participation, considering the decision-making arena in a context where, apparently, traditional forms of management still rein in the public sphere and State performance. In order to conduct the study, the municipal projects of urban mobility and the project of the International Airport of São Gonçalo do Amarante, both announced as works of Brazil 2014 FIFA World Cup in Rio Grande do Norte, were chosen as objects of this research. Analyzing those urban projects experiences in the context of Brazil 2014 FIFA World Cup in Rio Grande do Norte is the subject of this study, which emerged from the interest in evaluating whether changings in Brazilian public administration, even if motivated by the mega event in a short period time, have made changes at the municipal level of government that tend to consolidate a clear model of state action based on collaborative governance. The increase of both participation and social control in public decisions have created a wide range of results in urban projects. Therefore, the question that drove the research was to analyze how the governance process is presented in different forms depending on the urban project, even when these interventions belong to the same political and economic conditions. The theoretical and methodological base that supports the analysis has as references the understanding of governance presented by Eduardo Cesar Marques (2013) and the analytical framework of collaborative governance presented by Hugh Kellas (2010). It is argued that the specificities of selected urban projects will be explained from an interactive analysis of the establishment and maintenance of an inclusive relationship between the stakeholders in a given political decision-making arena, which goal would be to achieve consensus. This scenario is conditioned by variability presented in the proposed analysis model. The comparative analysis of the two experiences showed that there are similarities especially regarding the relationship State-Society as an element that weakens the collaborative aspect of the governance. However, although both have the same political and economic context, there are also differences in terms of the progress of projects, mainly due to the scale and impact of each intervention, that because the works of urban mobility are presented in intra-urban context, while the São Gonçalo airport is a regional project. Thus, the complexity of meeting the various agendas at the expense of the expected impacts features a high political cost management, making this process a barrier to collaborative action.