Distribution des coléoptères coprophages (Scarabaeinae, Geotrupinae et Aphodiinae) dans les hautes montagnes de la Zone de Transition Mexicaine : analyse écologique et biogéographique.

摘要

High mountains' dung beetles fauna was still little studied. Punctual works have been done for some mountains, but a deep and simultaneous analysis that includes several mountains has never been done before, especially with a dual approach, ecological and historical. Mountain ranges are extremely favorable systems to analyze biogeographic influences and ecological interactions in species assemblages. This thesis objective is to describe and analyze the richness and distribution of Scarabaeinae, Geotrupinae and Aphodiinae of four volcanoes in the eastern part of the Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), located in the Mexican Transition Zone (MTZ). Transition zones are remarkable regions where different evolutionary lineages coexist. Sampled mountains are La Malinche, Cofre de PEROTE, Pico de Orizaba and Sierra Negra. These volcanoes are located in the Eastern part of the TMVB. Malinche is separated from the other three mountains which have certain connectivity between them. The importance of our work is based on the fact that it is the first systematic and simultaneous sampling performed at Pico de Orizaba, Sierra Negra and La Malinche, with both an ecological and biogeographic approach. For each mountain, we used three complementary sampling techniques, baited traps with feces, direct collection at each of the stations, and excavation of pocket gopher's burrows, to find the dung beetles associated with their droppings. For each mountain, the sampling was conducted at two altitude levels, one about 2800 meters and another one of about 3400 meters, taking into account both sides of each mountain, windward (wet) and leeward (dry). Sampling was conducted during rainy season (June to August) for three consecutive years (2011-2013). After the collection and identification of beetles, the biogeographic affinities of the dung beetles' communities of each mountain were compared. The differences in composition and abundance showed that the predominant pattern affinities are the Nearctic, Mountain Paleomaerican and Mountain Mesoamerican patterns. Abundance and richness was higher in the middle elevations and in the windward side. Horizontal colonization is predominant in these four volcanoes. Tree new dung beetles' species for science were discovered thanks to this work (one Onthophagus and two Aphodiinae) as well as six phoretic mite new species. In general, montane species have a dispersion following the mountain ranges or the high lands of the High Plateau. Species with a Neotropical affinity were found to have a wider distribution and found instead at the low altitude range. The High Plateau affinity species were found mainly at the leeward side and at the lower altitude range in La Malinche. These results have helped to define the distribution of Nearctic, Montane Paleoamerican and Montane Mesoamerican genera in the SVT, mainly for Aphodiinae. This work provides a solid basis of knowledge of the distribution of this fauna in these four mountains, which had never been studied extensively in Mexico.