Construction du secteur des hydrocarbures et évolution politique au Kazakhstan et au Turkménistan - Indigénisation et rente 1919-2002.

摘要

This thesis first and foremost studies the building up of the hydrocarbon sector since the birth of oil and gas industries in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The late 1950’s and the three following decades (1960, 1970 and 1980) are crucial for the development of hydrocarbon production and institutionalization of the branch in both Republics. The study of financial flows between the Center and the two Soviet Social Republics on one hand, and from the institutions of this sector on the other hand, alter the traditional image of these SSR’s that are usually perceived as mere hydrocarbon suppliers for the Soviet economy. The reinforcement of local institutions and the unfolding of republican initiatives taken in the hydrocarbon branch led to an indigenization of the structures of production and decision.The further indigenization of the oil sector in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan’s « currency supplying » cotton production illustrate the diverging economic course of these two countries in the context of a greater globalization of their exchange since 1991. Despite the weakness of their political institutions, these two states, however their differences, display an outstanding stability until 2002, which was supported by hydrocarbon exportations. The building up of the hydrocarbon sector, which is still in progress, so far resulted in the creation of the national company KazMunajGaz in 2002 in Kazakhstan, whereas Turkmenistan has not initiated such a project so far.