Développement de techniques de mesure dans le volume : photoélasticimétrie 3D pardécoupage optique et corrélation volumique par tomographie optique et rayons X.Application à l’étude des effets mécaniques 3D dans les structures et les biomatériaux.

摘要

This work is about developments of volume measurement techniques. Three approaches have been developed tostudy 3D mechanical effects in materials and structures. The first approach is the 3D photoelasticity technique byoptical slicing which enables us to observe principal stress or strain differences in transparent structures. Thesecond approach is the digital volume correlation (DVC) coupled with optical scanning tomography. DVC,which is the 3D extension of the Digital Image correlation (DIC), gives full 3D displacement and strain fields.Optical scanning tomography is a technique which generates volume images in transparent materials. The lastapproach is the DVC method coupled with X-ray micro-computed tomography. With this technique, it ispossible to generate volume images in non-transparent materials.Several mechanical tests with imposed displacement or deformation are presented in order to compare thesethree methods and to determine their application fields, theirs performances, their advantages and disadvantages.Concerning applications, 3D photoelasticity and DVC by optical slicing have been used for the experimentalanalysis of aeronautical spherical plain bearing behaviour in order to make more realistic a numerical simulation.Concerning non transparent materials, DVC and X-ray micro-computed tomography have been employed tostudy mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone.