Propriétés anti-inflammatoires de facteurs produits par le tissu adipeux - Applications potentielles dans la neurodégénérescence

摘要

Globally obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of 21st century, and is considered a major health risk factor. Obesity is responsible for the onset of various kinds of disorders including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Adipose tissue (AT) is a highly active endocrine organ which has intense secretory activity producing an assortment of over 600 factors that have versatile biological activities. Some of these factors are named adipocytokines and have gain an intensive focus on current metabolic and disease recent research. Accumulating data on adipocytokine research strongly suggest that adipose tissue is the key player in promoting chronic inflammation. Many chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases have been associated with inflammation in the Central Nervous System (CNS) in which microglia and astrocytes (glial cells) play a decisive role. Autotaxin (ATX) and Adiponectin (ADIPO) are mediators secreted by the AT. The role of these mediators in metabolic activities have been well studied but the potential role of these adipocyte secreted factors and its precise mechanisms in CNS vulnerability remains to be determined. Here we used, in vivo, two distinct inflammatory stimuli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and trimethyltin (TMT), to characterize the expression of inflammatory mediators in mouse CNS. Acute intraperitoneal (ip) injection of LPS (100μg/Kg bwt) mimics gram negative bacterial infection, while acute ip injection of organometal TMT (2mg/kg bwt), induces hippocampal neurodegeneration. Microglia and astrocytes are the major source of inflammatory factors in the brain. To investigate, in vitro, the role of ATX and ADIPO in inflammatory and oxidative stress condition, we generated stable over-expressing transfectant in murine microglia BV2 cells for ATX and murine astrocyte CLTT cells for ADIPO. BV2 and CLTT stably transfected overexpressing clones were treated with LPS (1 μg/mL) and H2O2 (100μM). Our in vivo results demonstrated that ATX and ADIPO were expressed in the brain and LPS induced a transient neuroinflammatory response in three distinct regions of the brain hippocampus (HIP), cortex (COR) and cerebellum (CER). Besides this it was also found that with this mild dosage of 100 μg LPS/Kg bwt of mice, microglia and astrocytes were not activated in the brain (Project-1). Our in vitro results authenticate the anti-inflammatory effects of ATX in microglial cells demonstrated by the downregulation of microglial activation markers (CD11b, CD14, CD80 and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and secretion (TNF-α and IL-6) (Project-2). Likewise, ADIPO put forth its anti-oxidant role in astrocyte cells mediated via significant mitigation of ROS, and as well by the significant down and upregulation of pro-oxidative inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression levels superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) respectively (Project-3). Overall these results suggest that peripheral inflammation induced by infection will not induce neurodegeneration (unless a massive infection) but could prime the glial cells and make them more responsive to the next stimulation. ATX and ADIPO may play a role in the regulation of neuroinflammation by regulating glial activation in stressed situations. Further investigations will be needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms regulating brain inflammation and lead to new therapeutic strategies to combat neurodegenerative diseases.