Optimisation d’un système d’Optique Adaptative pour l’observation de l’espace et mise en oeuvre d’un détecteur proche infra-rouge innovant en analyse de front d’onde

摘要

Adaptive Optics (AO) allows the correction of the atmospheric effects on the images. This technic is today mature in astronomy. However the future systems require more advanced developments to increase sky coverage. In that, recent Avalanche PhotoDiodes (APD) arrays are promising by providing possible low flux wave-front sensing from visible to near infra-red. Other applications are also searching for take advantage of AO, like space observation or free space optical telecommunications. The integration of the ODISSEE AO bench at the OCA provides a sky acces for new concepts validation in many fields.We present in this PhD thesis the approach to calibrate and optimize the bench. We carry out a detailed analysis of error sources from a complete characterization of the system and of its results in operation, supported by a fitted modeling. These works enable guide future bench optimization works, and represent a gain in terms of operability for space observation and telecom, where ODISSEE has an unique status in Europe.In parallel we prepare the implementation of APD array for Wave-Front Sensing (WFS), by studying the RAPID camera. This involves analysing the impact of cosmetic and Fixed Pattern Noise (FPN) propagation on WFSensing in AO. Therefore we propose a FPN modeling and its propagation in AO. These works allow to design an optimize a RAPID wave-front sensor, taking advantage of the major breakthrough of APD arrays for AO.