Développement d'une méthode de contrainte des modèles hydrodynamiques par une stratégie d'analyse des données géophysiques ERT : Application aux écoulements de lixiviat dans les massifs de déchets

摘要

In France, approximately 25% of the total amount of collected household waste is stored in municipal solid waste landfills (MSWL). To reduce their impact on the environment, the bioreactor concept was studied and tested for more than a decade in Europe. This concept is based on leachate reinjection, which consists in collecting leachate at the bottom of the waste deposit cell and reinjecting it underneath the landfill cover. The optimization of leachate distribution requires tools to design leachate injection systems (LIS) and to assess volumes and flow rates for the reinjection. To design LIS and to improve the understanding of leachate flow in the waste medium, a subsurface flow modelling procedure may be considered. Hydrodynamic models are based on a conceptual approach to represent the porous medium and a mathematical model to describe flow. To simulate an infiltration into a porous medium, the assessment of the hydrodynamic parameters included in the mathematical equations of the model is required. Thus, additional information is needed to constrain hydrodynamic models and to assess hydrodynamic parameters.This thesis focused on the use of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to constrain hydrodynamic models at the landfill scale. Indeed, many studies have shown that this geophysical method is suitable to study leachate reinjection into the waste landfills. However, this geophysical method does not allow ERT users to directly measure water content and to assess hydrodynamic parameters. In the literature, several authors proposed constraint methods of hydrodynamic models from ERT measurements, based on the use of Archie's law. To avoid the use of this relationship, which seems to be inappropriate for heterogeneous media such as waste, we found relevant to use the infiltration shape obtained on the ERT results to constrain hydrodynamic models.Thus, the aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of leachate flow by proposing a constraint method of hydrodynamic models using the infiltration shape extracted from ERT measurements.This thesis was divided into three successive steps corresponding to each part of the manuscript. The first part corresponds to a bibliographic study concerning the ERT method and hydrodynamic modelling. The second part aimed at proposing an interpretation methodology to delimitate an infiltration area from the ERT measurements. The third part allowed us to develop a constraint method of hydrodynamic models using the infiltration delimitation obtained from the ERT measurements with the methodology developed in the second part.