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The first whole genome and transcriptome of the cinereous vulture reveals adaptation in the gastric and immune defense systems and possible convergent evolution between the Old and New World vultures

机译:秃v的第一个完整基因组和转录组揭示了胃和免疫防御系统的适应性以及旧大陆和新大陆秃possible之间可能的趋同进化

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摘要

Background: The cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus, is the largest bird of prey and plays a key role in the ecosystem by removing carcasses, thus preventing the spread of diseases. Its feeding habits force it to cope with constant exposure to pathogens, making this species an interesting target for discovering functionally selected genetic variants. Furthermore, the presence of two independently evolved vulture groups, Old World and New World vultures, provides a natural experiment in which to investigate convergent evolution due to obligate scavenging. Results: We sequenced the genome of a cinereous vulture, and mapped it to the bald eagle reference genome, a close relative with a divergence time of 18 million years. By comparing the cinereous vulture to other avian genomes, we find positively selected genetic variations in this species associated with respiration, likely linked to their ability of immune defense responses and gastric acid secretion, consistent with their ability to digest carcasses. Comparisons between the Old World and New World vulture groups suggest convergent gene evolution. We assemble the cinereous vulture blood transcriptome from a second individual, and annotate genes. Finally, we infer the demographic history of the cinereous vulture which shows marked fluctuations in effective population size during the late Pleistocene. Conclusions: We present the first genome and transcriptome analyses of the cinereous vulture compared to other avian genomes and transcriptomes, revealing genetic signatures of dietary and environmental adaptations accompanied by possible convergent evolution between the Old World and New World vultures
机译:背景:灰褐色的秃鹰(Aegypius monachus)是最大的猛禽,通过去除尸体在生态系统中起着关键作用,从而防止了疾病的传播。它的摄食习惯迫使它应付不断地暴露于病原体,使该物种成为发现功能选择的遗传变异的有趣目标。此外,两个独立进化的秃鹰群体(旧大陆和新大陆秃鹰)的存在提供了一个自然的实验,可以研究由于专心清除而发生的趋同进化。结果:我们对发白秃v的基因组进行了测序,并将其定位到秃鹰参考基因组,这是一个近亲,发散时间为1800万年。通过将灰熊兀鹰与其他鸟类基因组进行比较,我们发现该物种中与呼吸有关的正选遗传变异可能与它们的免疫防御反应和胃酸分泌能力有关,与它们消化cas体的能力相一致。在旧大陆和新大陆秃鹰群体之间的比较表明融合的基因进化。我们组装了第二个人的灰黑色秃blood血液转录组,并注释了基因。最后,我们推断出白垩纪秃鹰的人口历史,这表明在晚更新世期间有效种群规模有明显的波动。结论:与其他禽类基因组和转录组相比,我们首次进行了对白斑秃v的基因组和转录组分析,揭示了饮食和环境适应的遗传特征以及旧大陆和新大陆秃possible之间可能的趋同进化。

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